世界卫生组织：2023年全球减少钠摄入量报告_99页_4mb

WHO Global Report on Sodium Intake Reduction Summary

Core Content

The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global report on sodium intake reduction, emphasizing the critical role of reducing sodium consumption in preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular diseases. The report highlights the global health and economic impact of high sodium intake and outlines the progress made by Member States in implementing sodium reduction policies.

Main Points

Global Sodium Intake and Health Impact

• The global average sodium intake is estimated at 4310 mg/day, which is more than double the WHO recommendation of <2000 mg/day for adults.
• Excessive sodium intake is a major contributor to 1.89 million annual deaths, primarily due to raised blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
• High sodium consumption is also linked to other health issues such as gastric cancer, obesity, Ménière's disease, and osteoporosis.

WHO Recommendations

• WHO recommends a maximum sodium intake of <2000 mg/day for adults and <2000 mg/day for children, adjusted based on energy requirements.
• The report identifies four WHO best buys as cost-effective and impactful measures:
  • Lowering sodium content in food products
  • Implementing front-of-pack labelling
  • Conducting mass media campaigns
  • Implementing public food procurement and service policies

Member State Commitments

• In 2013, all 194 WHO Member States committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025.
• The target has been extended to 2030 due to slow progress.
• As of October 2022, 5% of Member States have implemented at least two mandatory sodium reduction policies and all WHO best buys.
• 22% have implemented at least one mandatory policy, while 33% have implemented at least one voluntary policy and 29% have made policy commitments.

Sodium Country Score Card

• A score from 1 to 4 is assigned to each Member State based on the level of implementation of sodium reduction policies.
• Score 1 indicates a national policy commitment.
• Score 2 reflects voluntary measures targeting sodium reduction or healthier choices.
• Score 3 includes mandatory measures and sodium declaration on pre-packaged foods.
• Score 4 represents the highest level, with at least two mandatory measures and all four WHO best buys implemented.

Key Information

Methods

• The report uses data from the WHO Global Database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA) and other relevant sources.
• It includes national policies, legislative documents, government reports, and peer-reviewed literature.
• The Sodium Country Score Card is used to estimate the impact of policy progress on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease.

Modelled Health Impact

• A model was developed to estimate the impact of policy implementation on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease outcomes.
• The baseline scenario was set for 2019, and the hypothetical scenarios were projected for 2025 and 2030.
• The modelled impact suggests a 23% reduction in global sodium intake and a 3% reduction in cardiovascular deaths by 2030.
• The report indicates that while the 30% target is not yet met, it is still attainable with accelerated policy adoption.

The Way Forward

• WHO is committed to supporting Member States with tools, advocacy, technical assistance, and monitoring mechanisms.
• The report encourages bolder actions from more countries to achieve the 2030 target.
• It highlights the importance of government-led and comprehensive mandatory policies to ensure effectiveness and sustainability.
• The report also notes that city-level initiatives have shown promise, but the focus remains on national programs.

Conclusion

• Reducing sodium intake is one of the most cost-effective ways to improve public health and reduce the burden of NCDs.
• WHO continues to monitor and evaluate the progress of Member States and the impact of sodium reduction policies.
• The report serves as a call to action for greater collaboration, policy implementation, and public health advocacy to achieve the global target of reducing sodium intake by 30% by 2030.

References and Annexes

• The report includes detailed references, annexes, and policy details for each WHO region and World Bank income group.
• Annex 1 provides an overview of sodium intake, score, and policies in each Member State.
• Annex 2 details sodium reduction policies and measures implemented globally.
• Annex 3 and 4 summarize mandatory and voluntary measures by WHO region and World Bank income group.

Summary of Findings

Policy Impact

• The modelled impact of score uplifts is as follows:

  • From no score to score 2: 15% reduction in sodium intake
  • From score 1 to score 3: 20% reduction in sodium intake
  • From score 2 or 3 to score 4: 25% reduction in sodium intake

• The corresponding health impact includes:

  • 3% reduction in cardiovascular deaths by 2030

Final Statement

• WHO is dedicated to ensuring that every adult and child has access to healthy food environments.
• The report underscores the importance of policy implementation and multisectoral collaboration in achieving the global sodium reduction goals.