WTO-2021年贸易概况（英）-404页_14mb

Document Summary: Trade Profiles by the WTO

Core Content

This document provides an overview of Trade Profiles for 197 economies, offering key indicators on trade in goods and services. The data is sourced from various statistical authorities and presented in a standardized, visualized format for easy comparison.

Main Functions of the WTO

• Global Trade Rules: The WTO manages the global rules of trade between nations.
• Trade Flow Smoothness: Its main function is to ensure trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.

Structure of the Publication

The publication is divided into four main sections:

1. Introduction: Describes the purpose and scope of the Trade Profiles.
2. Technical Notes: Explains the definitions and methodologies used for data collection and presentation.
3. Trade Profiles: Contains detailed trade data for individual economies.
4. Index of Trade Profiles: Lists all the economies covered in the publication with their respective page numbers.

Key Sections and Information

1. Economic Overview

• GDP and GDP per capita: Calculated using data from the three latest years.
• Current Account Balance: Measured as a percentage of GDP.
• Trade per capita and Trade to GDP Ratio: Both are calculated based on the average of exports and imports.
• Ranking in World Trade: Ranks are calculated considering the EU as one entity, excluding individual members.

2. Merchandise Trade Indicators

• Customs-based Statistics: Includes total trade flows, top products traded, and breakdowns by product category and origin/destination.
• Agricultural Products: Defined as food and raw materials (HS 0, 1, 4 and divisions 21, 23-26).
• Fuels and Mining Products: Includes ores, minerals, and non-ferrous metals.
• Manufactures: Covers a wide range of goods, with the caveat that not all products are classified, so shares may not add up to 100%.

3. Trade in Commercial Services

• Balance of Payments-based Statistics: Includes total trade flows, breakdowns by service item, and FATS sales.
• Main Service Items: Transport, travel, other commercial services, and goods-related services.
• FATS Sales: Refers to sales by foreign affiliates where foreign investors own more than 50% of the voting power.

4. Industrial Property Indicators

• Patents, Trademarks, and Industrial Designs: Annual number of applications by residents and non-residents.

Technical Notes and Definitions

• GDP: Calculated in nominal terms and using market exchange rates.
• EU Membership: The EU is considered as one entity, excluding the United Kingdom.
• Ranks in World Trade: Calculated first as individual members and second as the EU as a single entity.
• Data Sources: Includes Eurostat, IMF, ITU, OECD, UN, and national statistics.
• Data Availability: Some data may be less recent due to data limitations.

Statistical Notes

• Provisional Data: The latest year's data are provisional.
• Rounding Discrepancies: Minor differences between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.
• Percentage Changes: Annual average percentage changes are calculated using a geometric average.
• Data Unavailability: If data for 2020 is not available, the average is based on the latest available year.

Symbols and Abbreviations

• na: Not available, not reported
• #: Not applicable
• GDP: Gross Domestic Product
• AOA: WTO Agreement on Agriculture
• NAMA: WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access
• HS: Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System
• GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services
• FATS: Foreign Affiliates Statistics
• ICTs: Telecommunications, computer, and information services

Key Data Highlights

Merchandise Trade (Customs-based Statistics)

• Total Merchandise Exports (f.o.b.): $2,506 million
• Total Merchandise Imports (c.i.f.): $5,570 million
• Annual Percentage Change (2010-2020):
  • Exports: 5%
  • Imports: 2%
• Share in World Trade:
  • Exports: 0.01%
  • Imports: 0.03%

Breakdown by Main Commodity Group (2019)

• Agricultural Products: 12.4%
• Fuels and Mining Products: 17.4%
• Manufactures: 70%
• Other: 0.1%

Breakdown by Main Destination (2020)

• European Union: 74.7%
• Serbia: 12%
• North Macedonia: 3.3%
• Montenegro: 1.9%
• China: 1.8%
• Other: 6.3%

Breakdown by Main Origin (2020)

• European Union: 58%
• Turkey: 9.6%
• China: 8.9%
• Serbia: 5.2%
• Russian Federation: 2.2%
• Other: 16.1%

Top Exported and Imported Products (2020)

• Top Exported Agricultural Products:

  • HS1211: Plants and parts of plants ($39 million)
  • HS0702: Tomatoes, fresh or chilled ($38 million)
  • HS2005: Other vegetables not frozen ($25 million)
  • HS0709: Other vegetables, fresh or chilled ($19 million)
  • HS0707: Cucumbers and gherkins ($12 million)

• Top Imported Agricultural Products:

  • HS1001: Wheat and meslin ($61 million)
  • HS2202: Waters containing added sugar ($51 million)
  • HS1905: Bread, pastry, other bakers' wares ($47 million)
  • HS2106: Other food preparations ($33 million)
  • HS0901: Coffee ($31 million)

• Top Exported Non-Agricultural Products:

  • HS6406: Parts of footwear ($193 million)
  • HS6403: Footwear, uppers of leather ($154 million)
  • HS6203: Men's or boys' suits ($139 million)
  • HS7214: Other iron bar not further worked ($84 million)
  • HS2523: Portland cement, aluminous cement ($59 million)

• Top Imported Non-Agricultural Products:

  • HS8703: Motor cars for transport of persons ($270 million)
  • HS2710: Petroleum oils, other than crude ($245 million)
  • HS3004: Medicaments in measured doses ($193 million)
  • HS4107: Bovine or equine-animals' leather ($70 million)
  • HS2716: Electrical energy ($79 million)

Trade in Commercial Services (Balance of Payments-based Statistics)

• Commercial Services Exports: $597 million
• Commercial Services Imports: $1,042 million
• Annual Percentage Change (2010-2020):
  • Exports: -12%
  • Imports: 0%
• Share in World Trade:
  • Exports: 0.01%
  • Imports: 0.02%

Breakdown by Main Services Item (2020)

• Exports:

  • Transport: 14.5%
  • Travel: 10.8%
  • Other commercial services: 74.7%
  • Goods-related services: 0%

• Imports:

  • Transport: 88.9%
  • Travel: 2.9%
  • Other commercial services: 7.7%
  • Goods-related services: 0.5%

FATS Sales

• Inward: Not available
• Outward: Not available

Conclusion

This document provides a comprehensive overview of trade statistics for 197 economies, including merchandise trade, commercial services, and industrial property data. It is a valuable resource for comparing trade performance across countries and understanding the composition of trade flows. The data is sourced from multiple international and national statistical bodies and is presented in a user-friendly format.