2011年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_The_Gambia___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_32页_1mb

Summary of Water Supply and Sanitation in The Gambia

Core Content

This report provides an overview of the water supply and sanitation sector in The Gambia, focusing on the progress made and the challenges that remain in translating financial resources into effective service delivery. It is part of the second round of AMCOW Country Status Overviews (CSO2), which assesses the readiness of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in water and sanitation.

Main Points

1. Sector Evolution and Challenges

• The water supply and sanitation sector in The Gambia has evolved over the past two decades, responding to increased demand and the need to maintain infrastructure built during the Sahelian drought in the 1970s and 1980s.
• A National Water Resources Policy (2006) was adopted to promote integrated water resources management, but implementation has been delayed, affecting the sector's development.
• Sanitation reforms have been slow, with the first draft policy formulated in 2010. The sector remains fragmented with little coordination among agencies.

2. Coverage and Finance Trends

• Water coverage increased from 58% (1990) to 75% (2009), with urban coverage at 74% and rural at 50% in 1990, and urban at 80% and rural at 70% in 2009.
• Sanitation coverage is lower, at 39% in 1990 and 48% in 2009.
• The 2015 national targets for water supply (95%) and sanitation (73%) are not expected to be met without significant acceleration.
• Government financial allocation for water supply is low, with most funding coming from donors. The CSO2 analysis highlights the need for increased public and private investment.

3. Investment Requirements

• The CSO2 MDG costing model estimates the total annual capital expenditure (CAPEX) for water supply at US$41 million, of which only US$4 million is anticipated from public finance, resulting in a CAPEX deficit of US$37 million.
• For sanitation, the total annual CAPEX is estimated at US$7 million, with no public investment anticipated. The draft policy suggests a 25% user contribution for on-site sanitation, but this is not yet leveraged effectively.
• Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are also significant, with the rural water supply subsector requiring US$1 million annually and urban water supply requiring US$3 million.

4. Reform Context and Scorecard

• The CSO2 scorecard evaluates the service delivery pathway into three categories: enabling, developing, and sustaining services.
• The scorecard assesses each building block against specific indicators and scores from 1 to 3.
• The Gambia's enabling building blocks score below the average of its peer countries (low-income countries, LICs), indicating limited policy and planning reforms and inadequate budget allocation.
• The water supply subsector scores above average, showing progress in service delivery, while sanitation subsectors score below average due to fragmented policies and poor coordination.

Key Actions and Recommendations

1. Rural Water Supply

• Develop local government capacity to manage rural water supply.
• Improve subsector coordination and investment planning.
• Implement a database to monitor rural water supply coverage and functionality.
• Encourage private sector participation in development, repair, and maintenance.
• Promote community ownership and standardize technologies for easier maintenance.

2. Urban Water Supply

• Adopt a Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) for better coordination.
• Implement policy provisions on institutional roles and responsibilities.
• Develop a pro-poor strategy to improve access for the poor.
• Enhance corporate governance and raise funds from domestic and external sources.

3. Sanitation and Hygiene, General

• Finalize and adopt the national sanitation policy and implementation strategy.
• Clarify institutional roles and household subsidy policies.
• Enhance sanitation and hygiene promotion.
• Improve needs-based investment planning.
• Strengthen monitoring and evaluation of subsector performance.

4. Rural Sanitation and Hygiene

• Promote community-led total sanitation (CLTS) initiatives.

5. Urban Sanitation and Hygiene

• Develop decentralized, low-cost sewerage options in smaller urban centers.

Conclusion

The Gambia faces significant challenges in achieving its 2015 MDG targets for water supply and sanitation. While progress has been made in water supply, sanitation remains a critical area needing reform. Institutional restructuring, improved coordination, and increased investment are essential to ensure that financial resources are effectively converted into sustainable services. The CSO2 report highlights the need for a comprehensive sector development program, better budget utilization, and a more structured approach to monitoring and evaluation.