2018-美国与加拿大能源关系路线图（英文版）-8mb

U.S.-Canada Energy Relationship Summary

Core Content

The United States and Canada are each other's largest energy trading partners, with a bilateral energy trade value of $95 billion in 2017. This relationship is not limited to trade but also involves shared economic, security, and environmental priorities. The CSIS Energy and National Security Program, in collaboration with the Embassy of Canada in the United States, created a physical map to illustrate this trade relationship, highlighting key aspects such as trade volume, commodity breakdown, and infrastructure.

Main Points

• Trade Value and Balance:
  In 2017, Canada exported $75.62 billion in energy commodities to the U.S., while the U.S. exported $19.64 billion. The U.S. has a trade surplus in refined petroleum products, but Canada's exports are valued higher due to the nature of the products (finished fuels vs. raw materials).

• Trade Intensity by State/Province:
  The trade to GDP ratio is used to measure the intensity of energy trade for each state/province. States like New Brunswick (25.37%) and Alberta (24.4%) have the highest ratios, indicating a significant portion of their economic activity is tied to energy trade. In contrast, large economies such as New York (0.2%) show less reliance due to their higher GDP.

• Commodity Breakdown:
  Crude oil and refined petroleum products make up the majority of the $95 billion in trade, totaling $80 billion. Natural gas, electricity, uranium, coal, and fuel ethanol also play significant roles. The U.S. exports coal and fuel ethanol, while Canada exports uranium and natural gas.

• Cross-Border Pipelines:
  Major pipelines such as Keystone XL, Line 3, and Alberta Clipper are crucial for transporting oil and gas between the U.S. and Canada. Pipeline construction has faced delays due to political and environmental concerns. These delays have prompted increased reliance on rail transport for Canadian oil sands producers and a push for expanded coastal markets in Canada.

• Electricity Trade:
  Electricity trade reached 82 terawatt hours in 2017, with hydropower being the primary source. Key transmission points include British Columbia-Washington, Manitoba-Ontario, Quebec-Vermont/New York, and New Brunswick-Maine. Integration of power grids has improved reliability and reduced costs, with projects like the Montana-Alberta Tie Line and the New England Clean Energy Connect aimed at enhancing cross-border electricity flows.

• Future Outlook:
  The energy landscape is evolving, with U.S. oil production increasing and affecting trade dynamics. Both countries are working to modernize trade agreements and infrastructure planning to address energy security and environmental concerns. Continued cooperation is essential to maintain and enhance the transborder energy relationship.

Key Information

• Top U.S. States by Energy Trade:

  • Illinois: $25.3 billion
  • Texas: $13.2 billion

• Top Canadian Provinces by Energy Trade:

  • Alberta: $56.9 billion (import/export)
  • Saskatchewan: $6.04 billion (export)
  • New Brunswick: $5.71 billion (export)

• Energy Trade to GDP Ratios:

  • New Brunswick: 25.37%
  • Alberta: 24.4%
  • Montana: 6.16%
  • New York: 0.2%

• Major Cross-Border Pipelines:

  • Transcanada Canadian Mainline (Natural Gas)
  • Keystone XL (Petroleum Liquids)
  • Line 3 (Petroleum Liquids)
  • Alberta Clipper (Petroleum Liquids)
  • Line 4 (Petroleum Liquids)

• Electricity Trade Highlights:

  • Total: 82 TWh
  • Quebec to Vermont and New York: 11.95 TWh and 10.39 TWh respectively
  • British Columbia to Washington: 8.62 TWh
  • Manitoba to North Dakota and Minnesota: 10.11 TWh

Conclusion

The U.S.-Canada energy relationship is a cornerstone of North American energy security and economic integration. Despite its complexity and the influence of fluctuating commodity prices, the partnership remains vital. Future efforts should focus on modernizing trade agreements, addressing infrastructure and permitting challenges, and enhancing cooperation to ensure sustainable and secure energy markets.