2015年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Vietnam_Country_Profile_2015_12页_523kb

Vietnam Enterprise Survey 2015 Summary

Core Content

The Vietnam Enterprise Survey (VES) 2015, conducted by the World Bank Group, provides a comprehensive overview of the business environment in Vietnam, focusing on firm characteristics, performance, physical infrastructure, international trade, access to finance, crime and informality, regulations, corruption, and business environment obstacles. The survey includes responses from 996 firms across various sectors and sizes, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by the private sector.

Main Topics Covered

• Firm Characteristics: Information on firm age, ownership, and workforce demographics.
• Workforce: Details on employment, training, and gender representation.
• Firm Performance: Metrics on employment and sales growth.
• Physical Infrastructure: Assessments of electricity and water reliability, and time to obtain connections.
• International Trade: Data on export and import activities, and customs procedures.
• Access to Finance: Sources of financing and financial service usage.
• Crime and Informality: Costs and losses due to crime, and the prevalence of informal firms.
• Regulations, Permits, and Taxes: Time spent on regulatory compliance and interactions with tax officials.
• Corruption: Incidence of bribery and informal payments.
• Business Environment Obstacles: Identification of the most significant challenges to business operations.

Key Findings

Firm Characteristics

• Average Age of Firms: 11.2 years for all firms, with small firms averaging 9.6 years and large firms averaging 12.2 years.
• Ownership and Management:
  • 51.1% of firms have female participation in ownership.
  • 22.4% of firms have a female top manager.
  • 34.1% of permanent full-time workers are female.
• Workforce Composition:
  • 46.7% of firms have permanent full-time workers.
  • 18.7% have temporary workers.
  • 83.8% of firms have permanent production workers.
  • 16.3% have permanent non-production workers.

Workforce and Training

• Formal Training: 22.2% of firms offer formal training.
• Training Intensity: 75.1% of workers in manufacturing receive formal training.
• Top Manager Experience: On average, top managers have 16.6 years of experience in the firm's sector.

Firm Performance

• Real Annual Sales Growth: 0.9% for all firms.
• Annual Employment Growth: 5.6% for all firms.
• Performance by Size:
  • Small firms: -1.3% sales growth, 3.8% employment growth.
  • Medium firms: 2.6% sales growth, 8.2% employment growth.
  • Large firms: 6.9% sales growth, 7.0% employment growth.

Physical Infrastructure

• Electricity Outages: 0.2 outages per month on average.
• Losses Due to Outages: 0.4% of annual sales.
• Time to Obtain Electrical Connection: 18.5 days on average.
• Water Insufficiencies: 0.1 per month on average.
• Time to Obtain Permits:
  • Import license: 16.7 days.
  • Construction permit: 21.8 days.
  • Operating license: 11.4 days.

International Trade

• Export and Import Activity:
  • 17.5% of firms export directly or indirectly.
  • 45.4% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs Delays:
  • 6.9 days to clear direct exports.
  • 7.9 days to clear imports.
  • Regional average for exports is 7.2 days, and for imports is 9.6 days.

Access to Finance

• Financial Services Usage:
  • 55.8% of firms have checking or savings accounts.
  • 40.8% of firms have a bank loan or line of credit.
• Sources of Investment:
  • 67.3% of investment is internally financed.
  • 15.4% is financed by banks.
  • 3.6% is financed by supplier credit.
  • 8.1% is financed by equity or stock sales.

Crime and Informality

• Security Costs: 2.7% of annual sales on average.
• Losses Due to Crime: 0.4% of annual sales.
• Informality:
  • 49.5% of firms compete with informal or unregistered firms.
  • 91.6% of firms were formally registered when they started operations.

Regulations, Permits, and Taxes

• Regulatory Compliance:
  • 1.7% of senior management time is spent on regulatory compliance.
  • 0.8 visits or meetings with tax officials per year.
• Permit Efficiency:
  • Import license: 16.7 days.
  • Construction permit: 21.8 days.
  • Operating license: 11.4 days.

Corruption

• Bribery Incidence: 26.1% of firms experienced at least one bribe payment request.
• Gift Expectations:
  • 25.4% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain a construction permit.
  • 56.9% expect to give gifts to secure a government contract.
  • 25.0% expect to give gifts during meetings with tax officials.

Business Environment Obstacles

• Top Obstacles (Percent of Firms):
  • Access to finance: 21.8%
  • Access to land: 9.3%
  • Business licenses and permits: 0.2%
  • Corruption: 2.6%
  • Courts: 0.4%
  • Crime, theft, and disorder: 1.6%
  • Customs and trade regulations: 5.0%
  • Electricity: 2.4%
  • Inadequately educated workforce: 10.7%
  • Labor regulations: 3.4%

Conclusion

The Vietnam Enterprise Survey 2015 highlights the importance of a supportive business environment in fostering firm growth and development. While Vietnam has made progress in several areas, challenges such as access to finance, corruption, and inefficient regulations continue to hinder business performance. The survey also underscores the role of infrastructure and workforce development in enhancing competitiveness and productivity. Overall, the findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve the business climate in Vietnam.