2015年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Malaysia_Country_Profile_2015_12页_523kb

Enterprise Surveys: Malaysia 2015 Summary

Core Content

The Enterprise Surveys (ES) conducted by the World Bank Group in Malaysia (2015) provide a comprehensive analysis of the business environment and firm performance across various sectors. The survey includes data from 1,000 firms in the non-agricultural, formal, private economy, with a focus on small, medium, and large firms (defined by the number of employees: 5–19, 20–99, and 100+). The survey covers a range of topics, including workforce characteristics, firm performance, physical infrastructure, international trade, access to finance, crime and informality, regulations, permits, taxes, and corruption.

Main Topics and Key Findings

1. Firm Characteristics

• The average age of firms in Malaysia is 16.1 years, with small firms being slightly younger (15.8 years).
• Female participation in ownership, top management, and employment is notable:
  • 25.4% of firms have female ownership.
  • 26.3% of firms have a female top manager.
  • 33.9% of permanent full-time workers are female.
• Formal training is offered by 18.5% of firms, with a higher proportion of medium firms (43.5%) offering training compared to small and large firms.

2. Workforce

• The proportion of workers receiving formal training is 43.5%, with medium firms leading in this regard.
• Top managers in Malaysia have an average of 12 years of experience in their sector.
• The percentage of permanent full-time workers varies: 35.2% for small firms, 39.4% for medium firms, and 317.3% for large firms.

3. Firm Performance

• Real annual sales growth in Malaysia is -2.6%, with small firms showing the least negative growth (-0.4%) and large firms showing the most (-16.0%).
• Annual employment growth is 2.8%, with small firms at 3.0%, medium firms at 2.1%, and large firms at 1.6%.

4. Physical Infrastructure

• Electricity outages occur 0.1 times per month, with losses due to outages accounting for 0.3% of annual sales.
• Days to obtain an electrical connection is 1.8 days, with small firms taking longer (3.5 days).
• Water insufficiencies occur 0.1 times per month, and losses due to water issues are 0.3% of annual sales.

5. International Trade

• 19.4% of firms export directly or indirectly, with large firms leading at 74.9%.
• Days to clear direct exports through customs is 6.3 days, and days to clear imports is 7.6 days.
• 45.4% of manufacturing firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.

6. Access to Finance

• 74.7% of firms have a checking or savings account, with large firms having the highest rate at 89.2%.
• 31.9% of firms have a bank loan or line of credit, with large firms at 57.1%.
• 67.2% of investment is financed internally, with small firms relying more heavily on internal funding (72.8%).

7. Crime and Informality

• Security costs account for 1.7% of annual sales, with small firms spending 1.2% and large firms 5.5%.
• Losses due to theft and vandalism are 1.4% of annual sales, with medium firms at 1.0%.
• 39.8% of firms face competition from unregistered or informal firms, with small firms most affected (43.0%).

8. Regulations, Permits, and Taxes

• Senior management time spent dealing with regulations is 3.1%, with medium firms spending 5.4%.
• Number of visits to tax officials is 0.3 times per year, with medium firms at 0.4 times.
• Days to obtain an import license is 5.5 days, with medium firms taking 7.5 days.
• Days to obtain a construction-related permit is 10.5 days, with small firms taking 11.2 days.
• Days to obtain an operating license is 3.8 days, with small firms at 3.4 days.

9. Corruption

• 28.2% of firms experience at least one bribe payment request, with large firms at 37.7%.
• 47.1% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain a construction permit, with medium firms at 46.2%.
• 51.4% of firms expect to give gifts to secure government contracts, with medium firms at 81.0%.
• 23.7% of firms expect to give gifts during meetings with tax officials, with medium firms at 43.9%.

10. Business Environment Obstacles

• Access to finance is the biggest obstacle for Malaysia (0.9%), followed by access to land (6.1%), business licenses and permits (11.1%), and corruption (8.2%).
• The top obstacles for small firms are access to land (0.1%), business licenses and permits (9.1%), and corruption (10.2%).
• For medium firms, the biggest obstacles are business licenses and permits (19.0%), access to land (4.2%), and corruption (1.3%).
• For large firms, the biggest obstacles are business licenses and permits (15.0%), access to land (5.0%), and corruption (3.9%).

Key Information

• The ES are conducted every four years and help assess the impact of policy reforms on the private sector.
• Firms are surveyed on their actual experiences with the business environment, including infrastructure, trade, finance, regulations, and corruption.
• The sample is representative of the non-agricultural, formal, private economy, excluding agriculture, public utilities, government services, health care, and financial services.
• The data is collected from top managers and business owners, and the survey results are used to inform policy decisions and improve the business environment.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys provide a detailed overview of the business environment in Malaysia, highlighting the challenges firms face in terms of finance, regulations, corruption, and infrastructure. The data shows that while Malaysia's private sector is relatively formal and well-developed, there are still significant obstacles to business growth and efficiency. Improving access to finance, reducing regulatory burdens, and combating corruption are critical for enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of the private sector in Malaysia.