2015年-世界发展银行全球_Future_of_Food___Shaping_a_Climate-Smart_Global_Food_System_32页_12mb

Future of Food: Shaping a Climate-Smart Global Food System

Core Content

This report, published by the World Bank Group in October 2015, outlines the need for a climate-smart global food system to meet the growing demand for food, reduce poverty, and mitigate climate change. It emphasizes the importance of integrating three key objectives: increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing resilience to climate change, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These objectives are referred to as the "triple win" of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA).

The report highlights that agriculture is a major contributor to global GHG emissions, accounting for 25% of total emissions. It argues that without significant adaptation and mitigation efforts, the effects of climate change will severely impact food production, especially in vulnerable regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia, where food insecurity and poverty are prevalent. Climate shocks like droughts, floods, and heatwaves are already affecting agricultural productivity and exacerbating poverty and hunger.

Main Points and Key Messages

• Climate-smart agriculture is essential: To meet rising food demand and end hunger by 2030, a climate-smart food system is needed to ensure productivity, resilience, and lower emissions.
• Agriculture is a driver of both poverty and climate change: The sector contributes significantly to GHG emissions and is highly vulnerable to climate change, which in turn threatens food security.
• There is a growing range of CSA practices: These include agroforestry, silvopastoral systems, intercropping, improved irrigation, and better fertilizer use. These practices can simultaneously improve productivity, reduce emissions, and increase resilience.
• Investments in CSA are critical: Prioritizing these investments is necessary to achieve the triple win, especially in regions with constrained resources.
• Reducing food loss and waste is key: It can enhance system productivity and reduce emissions by using fewer land, water, and forest resources.
• Regional approaches vary: The report stresses that the focus of CSA should be tailored to local conditions, with richer countries playing a larger role in emissions reduction due to their higher contribution to global emissions.
• Examples of successful CSA implementation:
  • In Vietnam, alternative wetting and drying (AWD) techniques improved rice productivity and reduced methane emissions.
  • In India, improved livestock management and watershed programs increased productivity and carbon credits.
  • In Senegal, new drought-resistant crop varieties and climate-smart planting techniques enhanced resilience.
  • In Bangladesh, AWD and improved fertilizer use helped reduce water use and GHG emissions.
  • In Central America and Mexico, partnerships with scientists and the private sector helped combat coffee rust and diversify production systems.

Key Practices and Approaches

• Agroforestry: Restores degraded land, improves soil fertility, and increases carbon storage. In Niger, it has helped triple millet yields and store 2 tons of carbon per hectare.
• Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD): Reduces water use by 25% and methane emissions by up to 50% in rice production.
• Silvopastoral systems: Combine forestry and livestock, promoting sustainable land use and carbon sequestration.
• Intercropping and diversification: Improve resource use efficiency and reduce vulnerability to climate shocks.
• Improved soil and water management: Enhances productivity, sequesters carbon, and reduces emissions.
• Watershed management: Helps restore degraded land, increase carbon credits, and improve water availability.

Investment and Policy Recommendations

• Integrate CSA into development agendas: The report calls for the inclusion of CSA in major intergovernmental climate discussions and emphasizes the need for policy planning and financial incentives to support sustainable practices.
• Support agricultural research: Investment in research is crucial for developing and scaling climate-smart technologies, especially for smallholder farmers.
• Enhance climate information systems: Better access to climate data at the country and local levels will help policymakers make informed decisions.
• Promote synergies and co-benefits: CSA should be designed to deliver multiple outcomes, such as increased productivity, resilience, and emission reductions, simultaneously.
• Focus on emissions intensity reduction: Encourage practices that reduce the carbon footprint of food production, such as improved animal nutrition and nitrogen-fixing trees.

Conclusion

The report underscores that climate-smart agriculture is not only necessary for achieving food security and poverty reduction but also for addressing the global challenge of climate change. It calls on the international community, governments, scientists, and stakeholders to collaborate in supporting CSA initiatives that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient global food system.