世界银行-批发电力市场设计：原理与选择（英）-2023-92页_3mb

报告摘要

Wholesale Electricity Market Design: Summary Guide

Electricity markets are transforming, with 56 countries (mostly in Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Asia) adopting competitive wholesale markets to improve efficiency and reliability. Energy-only markets use spot prices to cover fixed costs, while capacity markets supplement revenues from generation availability.

Why Market Reform?

Advances in technology (renewables, batteries, distributed energy resources) redefine market design needs.
Key Benefits: Reduces operational inefficiencies, improves investment, enhances reliability, and supports decarbonization.

Key Elements of Market Structure

Unbundling: Spreads ownership, limits monopolies, and creates competitive players.
Ancillary Services: Critical for system stability and grid flexibility.
Governance: Institutional structures, independent regulators, and clear rule-setting.

Electricity Market Design

Operations

Optimal dispatch relies on marginal cost-based pricing.
Sequencing of spot, day-ahead, and real-time markets balances reliability and efficiency.

Investment

Supports reliable energy mix via capacity markets and ancillary services.

Ancillary Services

Required for balancing supply/demand and grid resilience; markets must evolve with variable renewables.

Market Power Abuse

Exacerbated by limited competition and regulatory arbitrage.

Market Reform Process

Key Steps

1. Preconditions: Assess system readiness.
2. Design Choice: Select mechanisms such as capacity markets or energy-only systems.
3. Market Launch: Phased implementation for vendor testing and resolution of initial issues.

Challenges: Climate Change and Renewables

Market designs must integrate variable renewables to support decarbonization and technology adoption.

Conclusion

Market design must balance short-term operations with long-term sustainability goals. Electricity markets must be technology-neutral, efficient, and politically viable to support energy transformations.

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