2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Russian_Federation_Country_Profile_2012_15页_1mb

Russian Federation Country Profile 2012 - Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Russian Federation Country Profile from the World Bank Group's Enterprise Surveys provides a comprehensive assessment of the business environment, highlighting key challenges and opportunities faced by firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy. The survey data is benchmarked against the Eastern Europe & Central Asia (ECA) region and the upper middle-income group.

Main Topics Covered

• Business Environment Obstacles
• Average Firm Characteristics
• Infrastructure
• Trade
• Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing
• Corruption
• Crime and Informality
• Finance
• Innovation and Workforce

Key Findings

Business Environment Obstacles

• The top business environment obstacles in Russia include corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and complexity in obtaining permits and licenses.
• Corruption is a major concern, with firms often required to make informal payments for various services and licenses.
• Regulatory and licensing processes are time-consuming and costly, with large firms facing the most delays in obtaining permits.

Average Firm

• The average firm in Russia has an age of 10.7 years.
• Female participation in top management is 20.1%, with small firms having higher participation than large firms.
• Female ownership is reported at 28.5%, with medium firms showing a slightly higher percentage than small firms.
• Ownership structure is predominantly private domestic (94.6%), with private foreign (5.1%) and government/state (0.2%) also present.

Infrastructure

• Electricity failures are common, with 0.3 power outages per month and 0.2% of sales lost due to these outages.
• Water shortages occur 0.4 times per month, with 0.3% of sales lost due to them.
• Delays in obtaining infrastructure services are significant, especially for electricity (120.4 days) and water connections (53.6 days).

Trade

• 12.9% of firms in Russia are exporters.
• 69.7% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Average time to clear customs for imports is 19.3 days and for exports is 5.6 days.
• Losses during export due to theft or breakage are minimal, at 0.2% of sales.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Days to obtain an import license are 47.1 for the average firm.
• Days to obtain a construction-related permit are 129.6.
• Days to obtain an operating license are 56.3.
• Senior management time spent dealing with government regulation is 14.7% of their time.
• Average number of visits with tax officials is 1.1.
• Open shareholding companies are rare, at 6.5%, while closed shareholding companies dominate at 92.4%.

Corruption

• Graft Index for Russia is 16.1, indicating a moderate level of corruption.
• 7.3% of firms expect to give gifts in meetings with tax inspectors.
• 30.9% of firms expect to give gifts to secure a government contract.
• 26.8% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain a construction permit.
• 27.5% of firms expect to give gifts to get an import license.
• 12.6% of firms expect to give gifts to get an operating license.

Crime and Informality

• 29.7% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security costs are 1.7% of sales.
• Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson are 0.4% of sales.
• 98.3% of firms are formally registered when they start operations.

Finance

• Internal finance is the primary source for investment, with 84.3% of firms relying on it.
• Bank finance is used by 6.3% of firms.
• Working capital external financing is used by 18.1% of firms.
• Collateral needed for a loan is 154.0% of the loan amount.
• 21.6% of firms have bank loans or lines of credit.
• 100.0% of firms have checking or savings accounts.

Innovation and Workforce

• 12.6% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• 23.2% of firms have annual financial statements reviewed by external auditors.
• 64.6% of firms use their own websites.
• 95.1% of firms use email to communicate with clients/suppliers.
• Average number of temporary workers is 1.4.
• Average number of permanent, full-time workers is 38.7.
• 43.4% of firms have full-time female workers.

Summary of Key Indicators

Conclusion

The Russian Federation's business environment is marked by significant challenges in corruption, infrastructure, and regulatory processes, which affect firm productivity and performance. Despite these challenges, the private sector remains the dominant player in the economy, with formal registration being widespread. Financial access is limited, with most firms relying on internal financing, while ICT usage is relatively high, indicating a potential for innovation and growth. The workforce composition shows a moderate level of female participation, especially in full-time employment. Overall, the Enterprise Surveys highlight the need for reforms in regulatory and institutional frameworks to improve the business environment and foster sustainable economic growth.