2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Hungary_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

Hungary Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content Overview

The Hungary Country Profile 2013 is a report by the World Bank Group's Enterprise Surveys, which aim to assess the business environment and firm productivity in Hungary. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of various factors that influence business operations, including infrastructure, trade, regulations, corruption, crime, finance, and innovation. It compares Hungary's performance with its regional group (Eastern Europe & Central Asia) and income group (Upper middle income).

Main Topics and Key Indicators

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• Top Constraints Identified by Firms: The report highlights the main obstacles that firms face in their operations.
• Regional Comparison: Hungary's constraints are benchmarked against the regional average and its income group.

2. Average Firm Characteristics

• The report provides data on the average firm's profile, including age, gender representation in management and ownership, and ownership structure.
• Firms in Hungary are predominantly privately owned (94.1%), with a small percentage of government-owned (0.1%) and foreign-owned (4.7%).

3. Infrastructure

• Infrastructure is crucial for firm productivity and competitiveness.
• Key indicators include:
  • Power Outages: 0.3 per month in Hungary, lower than the regional average of 1.6.
  • Water Shortages: 0 per month in Hungary, compared to 0.3 in the region.
  • Delays in Infrastructure Services: Hungary has delays of 23.5 days for electricity, 25.1 days for water, and N/A for telephone connections.

4. Trade

• Trade activity is a significant part of the private sector.
• Key indicators include:
  • Exporter Firms: 23.3% of firms in Hungary export directly or indirectly.
  • Use of Foreign Inputs: 59.1% of firms use foreign materials or supplies.
  • Customs Clearance Time: 3.7 days for direct exports and 8 days for imports.
  • Losses During Export: 1.2% due to theft and 2.7% due to breakage or spoilage.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Regulations and licensing processes can significantly affect business efficiency.
• Key indicators include:
  • Days to Obtain Import License: 22.5 days in Hungary, compared to 14.7 in the region.
  • Days to Obtain Construction Permit: 74 days in Hungary, higher than the regional average of 80.5.
  • Days to Obtain Operating License: 25.9 days in Hungary, lower than the regional average of 40.8.
  • Senior Management Time Spent on Regulation: 11.3% of senior management time is spent dealing with government regulation.
  • Tax Inspections: 1.0 visits per year on average.

6. Corruption

• Corruption is a major concern for firms, increasing costs and risks.
• Key indicators include:
  • Graft Index: 6.2% of firms in Hungary were asked or expected to pay bribes for public services, compared to 12.5% in the region and 7.6% in the income group.
  • Gift Payments to Secure Government Contracts: 51.9% of firms in Hungary are expected to give gifts, compared to 23.7% in the region and 20.6% in the income group.
  • Gift Payments for Import License: 0.0% in Hungary, lower than the regional average of 9.0%.

7. Crime and Informality

• Crime and informality impose costs on firms and affect their operations.
• Key indicators include:
  • Perception of Fair Court System: 53.9% of firms in Hungary believe the court system is fair.
  • Security Costs: 1.1% of sales in Hungary, slightly higher than the regional average of 1.2%.
  • Informality Rate: 95.6% of firms in Hungary are formally registered, indicating a relatively low level of informality.

8. Finance

• Financial services are essential for firm growth and investment.
• Key indicators include:
  • Internal Finance for Investment: 76.4% of firms in Hungary.
  • Bank Finance for Investment: 15.4% of firms in Hungary.
  • Working Capital External Financing: 25.4% of firms in Hungary.
  • Collateral Requirement for Loans: 180.6% of the loan amount.
  • Bank Loan Usage: 37.3% of firms in Hungary have bank loans or lines of credit.
  • Checking/Savings Accounts: 87.2% of firms in Hungary use these accounts.

9. Innovation and Workforce

• Innovation and workforce characteristics are vital for firm performance.
• Key indicators include:
  • Internationally Recognized Quality Certification: 48.7% of firms in Hungary.
  • Use of External Auditors: 46.7% of firms in Hungary.
  • Website Usage: 61.1% of firms in Hungary.
  • Email Usage: 81.0% of firms in Hungary.
  • Workforce Composition: Average of 2.2 temporary workers and 25.1 permanent full-time workers.
  • Female Full-Time Employment: 46.4% of firms in Hungary have female full-time workers.

Key Findings

• Corruption: Hungary ranks relatively low in corruption compared to the regional average, but still faces challenges, especially in securing government contracts.
• Infrastructure: Infrastructure services are generally efficient, with low delays in obtaining electricity and water connections, but there are some inefficiencies in other areas.
• Trade: Hungary has moderate levels of trade activity, with a notable share of firms using foreign inputs and facing moderate customs delays.
• Regulations and Licensing: Regulations and licensing processes are time-consuming, with significant delays in obtaining construction permits.
• Finance: Firms in Hungary rely heavily on internal finance, with high collateral requirements for loans.
• Innovation and Workforce: There is a moderate level of innovation and ICT usage, and the workforce is relatively balanced in terms of gender representation in full-time employment.

Conclusion

The Hungary Country Profile 2013 provides a detailed overview of the business environment and firm productivity in the country. While Hungary has a relatively efficient infrastructure and low levels of corruption, it still faces challenges in regulatory processes, financial access, and the potential for informal economic activity. The report is a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve the business climate and support firm growth in Hungary.