2010年-世界发展银行全球_The_Development_Challenge_of_Finding_Durable_Solutions_for_Refugees_and_Internally_Displaced_People_8页_662kb

World Development Report 2011: Durable Solutions for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Core Content

The World Development Report 2011 highlights the development challenge of finding durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). It emphasizes that forced displacement, driven primarily by internal armed conflicts, has significant implications for human and social capital, economic growth, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability. The report underscores that while forced displacement is often seen as a humanitarian issue, it also requires development-oriented interventions to achieve long-term stability and integration.

Main Points

• Scale of Displacement: By the end of 2009, there were 42.3 million people displaced globally, including 15.2 million refugees and 27.1 million IDPs.
• Trends in Displacement: Most conflicts in the last decade were civil wars, leading to internal displacement. The number of protracted displacement situations has increased, with 54% of refugees under UNHCR protection in such situations.
• Impact of Displacement: Displacement can lead to poverty, limited access to services, and weak governance, especially in fragile and conflict-affected settings. It also affects economic growth, social capital, and environmental sustainability.
• Challenges of Reintegration: Return from displacement does not guarantee economic and social reintegration due to limited livelihood opportunities, inadequate service delivery, and contested land and property rights.
• Development vs. Humanitarian Approach: While humanitarian aid is essential, development assistance is critical for achieving durable solutions. However, current practices often fail to address the long-term needs of displaced populations.

Key Information

• Durable Solutions: These include repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction (the 4Rs), as well as local integration.
• Current Initiatives: The UNHCR's Development Assistance for Refugees (DAR) and the Framework for Durable Solutions were introduced to bridge the relief to development transition.
• Cluster Approach: Implemented in 2006, it aims to integrate development principles into humanitarian responses to stabilize local capacities and support recovery.
• Political Economy Barriers:
  • Refugees and IDPs are often excluded from national development plans.
  • Host governments may lack the capacity or willingness to support integration.
  • Regional spillover complicates the development response, requiring coordinated efforts.
• Natural Disasters vs. Conflict: Natural disaster displacement is generally better organized than conflict-induced displacement, due to greater government capacity, better access, and fewer political barriers.
• Need for Comprehensive Planning: There is a lack of early and comprehensive planning for the transition from humanitarian to development interventions, which is essential for addressing the development challenges of displacement.

Suggestions for Improvement

• Early Recovery Strategy: Develop a shared recovery strategy at the country or regional level, incorporating political, security, development, and humanitarian considerations.
• Flexible Funding: Ensure quickly available and flexible funding to support early development interventions.
• Capacity Building: Conduct assessments and joint follow-up actions to strengthen government capacity in planning and implementation.
• Inclusive Development: Promote inclusive development interventions that address the specific needs of vulnerable groups, including refugees and IDPs, to reduce inter-group and spatial inequalities.

Conclusion

Forced displacement presents a significant development challenge that requires multisectoral and integrated approaches. The report calls for a paradigm shift in how governments and international actors respond to displacement, emphasizing the need for development assistance that is timely, flexible, and inclusive to support durable solutions.