2009年-世界发展银行全球_Transport_Development_Priorities_in_Papua_and_West_Papua_55页_2mb

Transport Development Priorities in Papua and West Papua

Core Content

This report outlines the current status, recent developments, expenditure plans, and recommendations for transport development in Papua and West Papua provinces, focusing on road, waterborne, and air transport systems. It is prepared by the World Bank and highlights the challenges and opportunities for improving transport infrastructure to support sustainable development in these remote regions of Indonesia.

Main Points and Key Information

1.1 Sectoral Overview and Challenges

• Transport Modes: Roads, aviation, coastal shipping, and inland water transport are all part of the transport system.
• Challenges:
  • High Transport Costs: Due to distance, low cargo volumes, and difficult terrain, transport costs in Papua and West Papua are significantly higher than in other parts of Indonesia.
  • Access to Remote Communities: The dispersed population and challenging geography make it difficult to provide affordable transport access.
  • Extractive Industries and Logging: Transport infrastructure for these sectors is needed, but there is a complex balance between government and private sector involvement.
  • Institutional Change: Decentralization has increased the number of local governments but also placed them under pressure to manage transport systems without adequate resources or institutional readiness.

1.2 Roads and Road Transport

• Road Network:
  • In 2006, Papua had 16,899 km of roads, with 13,489 km being Kabupaten roads.
  • West Papua had 5,184 km of roads, of which 3,882 km were Kabupaten roads.
  • Village roads are estimated at about 7,500 km.
  • Total road network is assumed to be 20,000 km at the end of 2008.
• Road Surface and Condition:
  • Only 22% of roads in Papua are paved (asphalt), while 78% are unpaved (gravel and earth).
  • Road condition data show that 31% of roads in Papua are in good condition, and 41% are in bad condition.
  • In West Papua, 22% of roads are in good condition, and 57% are in poor or bad condition.
  • Overall, 70% of roads in both provinces are in poor or bad condition, compared to 49% nationally.
• Road Construction:
  • Poor construction quality and inadequate maintenance are major issues.
  • High input costs, delayed payments, and small contract sizes contribute to higher road construction costs (estimated at 35% higher than in other parts of Indonesia).
• Road Use:
  • In 2006/7, there were 59,333 motor vehicles (cars, trucks, and buses) in both provinces.
  • Motorization is low (19.8 vehicles per 1000 people), and traffic levels are also low compared to other Indonesian regions.
  • Urban and suburban roads have higher traffic volumes (5,000–10,000 vehicles/day), while rural roads have much lower volumes (10–150 vehicles/day).

1.3 Waterborne Transport

• Ports:
  • There are 21 commercial ports and an equal number of Pioneer ports.
  • Only three ports (Jayapura, Merauke, Sorong) have quay lengths exceeding 200 meters.
  • Most ports have low cargo traffic, with only Jayapura having significant container traffic (50,000 TEU/year).
• Shipping:
  • P.T. Pelni is the main operator for scheduled passenger ships.
  • Freight rates are unregulated and set on a commercial basis.
  • Indicative freight rates from Jayapura to Surabaya are IDR 3,965,000/ton.
  • Passenger fares are regulated by the Directorate General of Sea Transport (DGST).
• Pioneer Shipping:
  • Pioneer ports are typically smaller and less developed than commercial ports.
  • These ports are used for local transport and are not fully integrated into the national shipping system.

1.4 Air Transport

• Airports:
  • Papua has 15 airports, with varying runway lengths and surfaces.
  • West Papua has 15 airports, with similar characteristics.
• Airlines and Deregulation:
  • Air transport is critical for connecting remote communities and supporting economic activity.
  • The deregulation of air transport has led to increased private sector involvement.
• Pioneer Services:
  • Air services are essential for the highlands, where road access is limited.
  • These services are often operated by local governments or private entities.

Recent Developments

• Government Expenditures:
  • The central and regional governments have increased spending on transport, particularly on roads and airports.
  • Expenditure data show that both provinces have significant investment in infrastructure.
• Policy Initiatives:
  • The Indonesian government has introduced policies to accelerate transport development in both provinces.
  • The new Shipping Law (17/2008) aims to improve the efficiency of the maritime sector by simplifying licensing and promoting competition.
  • The law also reinforces the current system for liner services, requiring coordinated route networks.

Review of Expenditure Plans

• Roads:
  • The focus is on developing a Trans-Papua arterial road network and improving access to remote communities.
  • There is a need for better intergovernmental collaboration and for integrated multi-year road programs.
  • Road maintenance is a key concern, with estimates showing that maintenance costs are significant.
• Waterborne Transport:
  • There is a need for improved port infrastructure and maintenance.
  • Greenfield ports like Depapre are being developed.
  • Broader policy measures are required to promote waterborne transport.
• Air Transport:
  • Airport development and maintenance are important for improving connectivity.
  • Collaboration with local governments is necessary for cost sharing and efficient management.
  • Safety and efficiency of aviation services are priorities.

Overall Assessment

• Approaches and Practices:
  • Transport planning needs to be more integrated and comprehensive.
  • Modal coordination and multimodal transport are essential for optimizing the transport system.
• Maintenance and Asset Preservation:
  • Maintenance is critical for ensuring the long-term utility of transport infrastructure.
  • Current maintenance practices are inadequate, leading to high costs and low efficiency.
• Infrastructure for Extractive Industries:
  • Infrastructure development for extractive and logging activities is needed, but must be balanced with broader economic and environmental considerations.

Recommendations

• Approach to Transport Infrastructure Development:
  • Spatial planning should be the starting point for transport development.
  • Infrastructure should serve both the general economy and major industries.
  • A collaborative and comprehensive approach is necessary.
• Expenditure Programs:
  • Short and medium-term expenditure plans should be developed for all transport modes.
  • Road, air, and waterborne transport should be included in these plans.
  • These plans should ensure that infrastructure is built and maintained in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.

Conclusion

Transport development in Papua and West Papua is critical for improving economic opportunities and living standards. However, the sector faces significant challenges, including high costs, poor infrastructure conditions, and inadequate maintenance. The report emphasizes the need for strategic planning, improved coordination between different levels of government, and a focus on sustainable and efficient transport solutions.