unepfi-净零排放中的净排放：负排放在资产所有者实现气候一致性中的作用（英）-2021-27页_932kb

报告摘要

Summary of the UN-convened Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance Position

Core Content

The Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance (AOA) is a coalition of asset owners committed to aligning their investment portfolios with the 1.5°C pathway of the Paris Climate Agreement, aiming for global net-zero emissions by 2050 or earlier. The Alliance emphasizes the importance of both decarbonization and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in achieving this goal, with a clear prioritization of emissions reduction as the primary strategy and CDR as a complementary tool.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), all scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5°C require deep and rapid cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, combined with CDR to offset residual emissions. The AOA position highlights that CDR is essential but must be used in conjunction with systemic decarbonization to avoid risks of overshooting the temperature target.

Main Views

Deep decarbonization must be the immediate priority for asset owners, focusing on scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions reductions across all sectors, especially carbon-intensive ones.
CDR is necessary to neutralize emissions that cannot be reduced, but it should not be used as a substitute for emissions reduction.
The Alliance Target Setting Protocol (TSP) does not include carbon credits in its net-zero accounting, but encourages rigorous accountability for compensation efforts by investee companies.
Carbon credits should be used as complementary instruments to support net-zero goals, not as a primary means of achieving them.

Key Information

Carbon Credits as Complementary Instruments

Carbon credits can help neutralize or compensate for emissions, but they must be high-quality, verified, and transparent.
The Alliance supports the voluntary carbon market and the Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM), calling for scalable, transparent, and reliable carbon markets.
Removal credits (sequestration) should be prioritized over avoidance or reduction credits.
Permanence is critical for carbon credits; short-term storage should not be the main focus, but rather a bridge to long-term solutions.

Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

CDR includes nature-based solutions (e.g., reforestation, afforestation, soil carbon sequestration) and technological solutions (e.g., DACCS, BECCS, BiRCS).
The scale of CDR is essential to meet the 1.5°C target, with global removals needing to reach 0.5–1.2 Gt/year by 2025 and 6–10 Gt/year by 2050.
Nature-based solutions are already effective, removing ~41% of annual GHG emissions, and should be protected and enhanced through initiatives like REDD+.
Technological CDR (e.g., DACCS, BECCS) is technically feasible but requires scaling and cost reductions to become viable.

Policy and Market Support

Strong policy support is crucial for the development and scaling of CDR technologies.
The Alliance advocates for financial incentives (e.g., carbon pricing, subsidies) and performance mandates (e.g., renewable portfolio standards) to drive CDR adoption.
A rising carbon price over time is seen as the most effective economic tool for achieving net-zero, especially in sectors where alternative technologies are not yet commercially available.
Transparency and quality assurance in carbon credit markets are essential to ensure integrity and effectiveness of CDR efforts.

Critical Considerations

Over-reliance on CDR without addressing emissions reduction could perpetuate a carbon-intensive economy and lead to societal, economic, and geopolitical risks.
Nature-based solutions must be managed carefully to avoid negative impacts on biodiversity, water security, and indigenous land rights.
Technology-based CDR should be developed alongside natural solutions, with storage capacity being a key enabler.
The integrity of carbon credit projects must be ensured through additionality testing, avoiding leakage, and establishing credible baselines.

Conclusion

The AOA position underscores the complementary role of CDR in achieving a 1.5°C pathway, but stresses that emissions reduction remains the primary focus. Asset owners are encouraged to invest in decarbonization, engage with policymakers, and support the development of both nature-based and technological CDR solutions. The transparency, quality, and permanence of carbon credits and CDR methods are central to ensuring accountability and alignment with global climate goals.