KPMG+2023年净零排放准备报告-英-95页_4mb

KPMG Net Zero Readiness Report 2023 Summary

The Net Zero Readiness Report 2023 examines the efforts of 24 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve net-zero targets by 2050, while identifying challenges and opportunities. Key insights include:

Key Insights

1. Strong Ambitions but Implementation Gaps
   Many countries have set legally binding net-zero targets (e.g., Australia, New Zealand, UAE), but achieving these requires balancing economic growth with climate goals. Political transitions and policy inconsistencies pose risks in some nations (e.g., Brazil, Netherlands).

2. Renewable Energy Leadership
   Renewables (solar, wind) are expanding rapidly, particularly in Europe and the US. However, grid infrastructure, energy storage, and mineral shortages (e.g., lithium, copper) hinder deployment. Floating wind platforms and green hydrogen are emerging as solutions for deep-sea and decarbonization needs.

3. Transport Decarbonization
   Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining market share (e.g., Norway, China), supported by tax incentives. Aviation and shipping face longer timelines due to fuel infrastructure and vessel lifespans. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and biofuels are key for these sectors.

4. Industry and Building Challenges
   Industrial decarbonization relies on green hydrogen, circular economy, and government support (e.g., UK, Korea). Buildings, especially in colder regions (e.g., Germany, Switzerland), require energy efficiency upgrades and heating system transitions, often delayed by cost and policy hurdles.

5. Carbon Pricing and Border Adjustments
   Emissions trading systems (ETS) (e.g., EU, Korea) and carbon border adjustments (e.g., EU CBAM) are accelerating decarbonization, but face opposition from developing nations. These mechanisms aim to level the playing field and prevent carbon leakage.

6. ESG Reporting and Assurance
   Mandatory sustainability reporting is expanding (e.g., ISSB, EU CSRD), enhancing transparency. ESG assurance is critical for validating corporate emissions data, with many companies lagging in data collection and controls.

Global Sector Summaries

• Electricity Generation: Renewables are critical, but grid modernization and storage are needed. Nuclear and hydrogen are gaining attention (e.g., UAE, Sweden).
• Transport: EVs lead road transport, but charging infrastructure and hydrogen fuel cells are gaps. Aviation and shipping require long-term solutions like SAF.
• Industry: Circular economy and hydrogen-based processes are pivotal. Steel and cement face scaling challenges.
• Buildings: Energy efficiency and heat pump adoption are key, but retrofitting old buildings in Europe complicates progress.
• Agriculture: Reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions remains challenging (e.g., NZ, Ireland), but regenerative practices offer hope.

Common Barriers

• Economic Constraints: High upfront costs for renewables and grid upgrades.
• Policy Fragmentation: Inconsistent regulations and slow implementation (e.g., nitrogen permits in Netherlands delaying energy projects).
• Supply Chain Issues: Critical mineral shortages and geopolitical risks (e.g., reliance on China for processing) affect renewable deployment.

Conclusion

Countries are advancing net-zero goals through policy innovation and sector-specific strategies, yet challenges like infrastructure, funding, and social acceptance remain. Collaboration between governments, businesses, and investors is crucial to accelerate progress and ensure equitable transitions.