世界银行-揭示哥伦比亚劳动力市场中妇女赋权背后的因素（英）-2023.12-44页_871kb

The paper examines the evolution of female labor force participation in Colombia from 1960 to 2018, using a two-step methodology of principal component analysis (PCA) and time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) to identify key factors and their changing impacts. Female participation increased significantly, from 18% in 1951 to 60% in 2018, driven by educational advancements, declining fertility rates, economic growth, and shifts in social norms. PCA revealed three main components: one tied to human capital and demographics, another linked to violence, and a third associated with male labor participation and women's political engagement. TVEM showed that factors like fertility had a strong negative impact early on but weakened over time, while education and minimum wage had increasing positive effects in later decades. The study underscores the importance of historical context and policy interventions to promote gender equality and empower women in the labor market.