世界银行-奎达劳动力中的妇女：奎达城市家庭调查结果-巴基斯坦性别和社会包容平台以及贫困与公平方案（英）-35页_1mb

报告摘要

FLFP in urban Quetta is 16.1%, significantly higher than the 6.5% from the standard Labor Force Survey (LFS), due to self-reported labor status and methodological innovations.
Employment is dominated by low-value-added activities, particularly manufacturing (garments and handicrafts), with women mostly working as own-account or informal workers.
FLFP decreases with higher household welfare, suggesting necessity-driven employment, especially in informal sectors.

Over 78% of employed women work from home, reflecting restrictions on mobility and alignment with socially acceptable occupations.
Jobs are segregated by gender and education: low-educated women in informal manufacturing; high-educated in education or health.
Earnings gap is largely explained by observable factors, with low-quality jobs limiting upward mobility.

Social norms restrict mobility, such as purdah and family control over decisions, which influence job choices.
Safety concerns and limited information about labor markets hinder participation.
High unpaid care work and human capital gaps (e.g., low literacy) exacerbate barriers.

The pandemic disproportionately affected female-dominated sectors like education and health, with losses in employment.
Job losses increased for employed women, but home-based jobs were less disrupted due to reduced contact.

Invest in education and skills training to break the cycle of low participation.
Enforce laws for home-based workers, ensuring social security and decent wages.
Promote ICT-enabled jobs to expand market access while allowing flexible, home-based work.
Address social norms through engagement with men and role models to encourage women's empowerment and workforce entry.

FLFP varies by nationality: Afghan refugee women have higher participation (27.6%) but face similar barriers.
Provincial policies, such as Balochistan's HBW Bill, aim to support informal employment but require effective implementation for broader impact.

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