2014年-世界发展银行全球_Republic_of_Sudan_Diagnostic_Trade_Integration_Study_Update___Reducing_Trade_Costs_to_Increase_Competitiveness_and_Rresilience_158页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Republic of the Sudan Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) Update

Core Content

The Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) Update for the Republic of the Sudan is a comprehensive analysis aimed at identifying trade-related constraints and proposing reforms to increase competitiveness and economic resilience. The report is prepared for the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) and focuses on reducing trade costs, improving policy frameworks, and enhancing infrastructure to support trade and economic diversification.

Main Objectives

To support the Government of Sudan (GOS) in increasing trade and diversifying the economy.
To identify the main factors that hinder agricultural exports and economic diversification.
To recommend actionable reforms that reduce trade costs and improve trade efficiency.

Key Findings

Macroeconomic and Fiscal Environment

Sudan faces significant fiscal constraints, including large economic imbalances and misaligned exchange rates.
The government continues to rely on short-term borrowing to cover deficits, which has constrained tariff and para-tariff reforms.
A revenue-neutral approach is necessary for any tariff reform due to the country's fiscal challenges.

Trade Policy and Performance

Sudan is not a member of the WTO, which limits its access to international trade rules and benefits.
High tariff and excise duty rates create discrimination against exporters and incentivize domestic production over international trade.
The import restrictions and domestic manufacturing policies are often at odds with productivity and competitiveness.
Trade and poverty reduction are closely linked, with the report highlighting that reducing tariffs could have a positive impact on poverty rates.

Customs Administration and Border Management

The Sudan Customs Authority is underperforming, with non-transparent procedures and inefficient systems contributing to delays and costs.
Multiple border agencies perform redundant checks, increasing physical inspections and trade costs.
A National Trade Portal is proposed to streamline procedures, reduce red tape, and improve transparency.

Transport, Transit, and Logistics Services

Transport costs are high, and the logistics system is underdeveloped, limiting Sudan’s ability to compete in regional and global markets.
Road transport improvements are highlighted as the most cost-effective short-term solution.
Rail and inland container depots (ICDs) are underutilized, with infrastructure and maintenance issues affecting their performance.
Regional connectivity needs to be strengthened to improve trade efficiency and reduce transit times.

National Quality Infrastructure and Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)

The National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) imposes unnecessary trade costs due to mandatory inspections and tests.
Many mandatory standards are redundant, as they duplicate tests already conducted by qualified laboratories.
The report recommends replacing mandatory standards with voluntary ones and adapting international standards to Sudanese regulations.
Conformity assessment and accreditation systems should be improved, and risk analysis should be introduced to streamline testing procedures.

Opportunities for Growth Through Diversification

Agriculture

Sudan has high potential for agricultural exports to neighbors, the Middle East, and global markets.
Agricultural productivity is low due to high input costs, inefficient marketing, and transport networks.
Recent reforms such as the removal of the Gum Arabic Commodity Council monopoly and reduction of duties on agricultural inputs have shown positive results.
The report recommends streamlining seed registration procedures, eliminating uncertainty over export licenses, and improving livestock productivity.

Tourism

Tourism has potential to contribute to GDP and employment, but is currently underdeveloped.
Sanctions have limited access to tourism technology and international credit cards.
Reforms are needed on the visa regime, in-country bureaucracy, and updating the National Tourism Plan.
A comprehensive development strategy is required, including policy and planning improvements, human resource development, and product development and marketing.

Proposed Action Matrix

Identified Constraint	Action(s)	Responsibility	Monitoring Indicator	Difficulty / Payoff
Not a member of the WTO	Continue with and expedite the ongoing WTO Accession Process	Ministry of Trade	Working Party Meeting convened during 2015	High/High
International sanctions restricting market access and financial services	Undertake study to assess the economic impact of financial sanctions and restrictions on sourcing and market access	Central Bank, Ministry of Finance	Study Finalized (by July 2015)	Medium/High
Tariff and tax policy on imports discriminates against exporters	Undertake study to evaluate the revenue impact of reducing tariff peaks, removing development tax, and eliminating import-specific excise taxes	Ministry of Finance	Study on Revenue Impact finalized (by July 2015)	High/High
Complex and non-transparent trade policies	Adopt and publicize a clearly defined policy on tariff exemptions, duty preferences, and restricted products	Ministry of Trade	Tariff Policy published (by July 2015)	High/High
Existence of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB)	Develop and adopt procedures for introducing new regulations based on OECD Regulatory Best Practice Principles	Ministry of Trade	Government policy statement published listing the processes required for all new regulations	Medium/High
National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) imposes unnecessary trade costs	Prepare and adopt a National Quality Plan	SSMO and Ministry of Trade	National Quality Plan produced	Medium/High

Conclusion

The DTIS Update emphasizes the need for policy reforms, institutional improvements, and infrastructure investments to reduce trade costs and increase Sudan’s economic competitiveness and resilience. By focusing on WTO accession, tariff reform, customs modernization, logistics improvement, quality infrastructure, and sector-specific reforms in agriculture and tourism, Sudan can better integrate into regional and global markets and achieve sustainable economic growth. The proposed Action Matrix provides a structured roadmap for implementing these reforms, with a focus on revenue neutrality, transparency, and inter-agency cooperation.