2008年-世界发展银行全球_A_Workshop_on_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Risk_Transfer___Toward_Concrete_Action_in_South_Asia_and_East_Asia_and_the_Pacific_52页_1mb

Workshop Summary: Disaster Risk Reduction and Risk Transfer in South Asia & East Asia and the Pacific

Core Content

The World Bank organized a workshop in Bangkok, Thailand, from April 28-30, 2008, focusing on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Risk Transfer. The event aimed to enhance the understanding of DRR among Bank staff and promote its integration into development activities in the South Asia (SAR) and East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) regions. The workshop emphasized the importance of DRR in reducing the economic and social vulnerability of communities to natural disasters and climate change.

Main Points

1. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Definition

• DRR involves the development and application of policies, strategies, and practices to reduce disaster risks before they occur.
• It includes three main pillars:
  • Risk Identification: Involves hazard mapping, vulnerability analysis, and risk modeling.
  • Risk Mitigation: Includes preparedness, pre-disaster planning, and interventions such as land use planning, building codes, and early warning systems.
  • Risk Financing: Involves mechanisms to manage economic shocks from disasters, including insurance, reinsurance, catastrophe bonds, and contingency financing.

2. Importance of DRR in Development

• Disasters are recognized as a threat to sustainable development, poverty reduction, and the Millennium Development Goals.
• The World Bank needs to shift its mindset to view disasters as normal phenomena rather than one-off events, integrating DRR into all development investments.
• Current Bank practices in disaster response are ad hoc, and there is a lack of strategic engagement in DRR.

3. Opportunities for SAR & EAP

• Both SAR and EAP are highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and tsunamis.
• The Bank has a role in promoting proactive DRR through policy dialogue, integration into Country Assistance Strategies (CAS) and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), and supporting post-disaster reconstruction with a focus on building back better.
• Standalone DRR investments, such as early warning systems and community-based programs, can raise awareness and support the integration of DRR into national policies.

Key Case Studies

4.3 Risk Reduction in Gujarat

• Event: Earthquake on January 26, 2001, in Kutch, Gujarat, with significant casualties and damage.
• Project: Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Program (GEERP), a multi-sector program funded by the World Bank, ADB, and other organizations.
• Objectives:
  • Achieve balanced and sustainable recovery.
  • Encourage citizen and private participation in reconstruction.
  • Implement a multi-hazard approach.
  • Build sustainable capacity and awareness.
• Challenges:
  • Large scale of damage and beneficiaries.
  • Limited availability of trained masons and engineers.
  • Coordination with multiple agencies.
  • Technical support for owner-driven reconstruction.
• Outcomes:
  • Training of over 29,000 masons and 6,000 engineers.
  • Development of a hazard risk and vulnerability atlas.
  • Establishment of the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA).

4.4 Mainstreaming DRR in Bangladesh

• Project: Local Governance Support Project (LGSP), which integrates DRR into local governance.
• Objectives:
  • Provide a framework for local governments and communities to manage disaster risks.
  • Disseminate DRR/LGSP tools to policymakers.
  • Develop a handbook for contextually adapted DRR priorities.
• Challenges:
  • Weak coordination among NGOs and donors.
  • Lack of confidence in local government systems.
  • Changes in government ministries affecting decentralization.
• Outcomes:
  • Annual DRR processes implemented.
  • Improved local capacity for DRR investment and response.
  • Identification of innovative solutions to overcome project obstacles.

4.5 Vietnam Natural Disaster Risk Management Project

• Context: Vietnam is highly vulnerable to natural disasters like typhoons, floods, and droughts.
• Project: Natural Disaster Risk Management Program (NDRMP), aiming to establish a comprehensive risk management framework.
• Components:
  • Prevention and Mitigation: Focus on reducing disaster risks and strengthening prevention capabilities.
  • Community-based DRR: Enhancing the capacity of vulnerable populations to manage risks.
• Key Activities:
  • Construction of flood control infrastructure.
  • Implementation of community-based disaster risk management.
  • Integration of DRR into broader development strategies.

Climate Change and DRR

• Climate change is expected to exacerbate disaster risks, particularly for low-income populations.
• The Andhra Pradesh (India) case study highlights how climate change adaptation can be integrated into DRR strategies.
• There are opportunities for collaboration and scaling-up DRR initiatives across regions.

Risk Financing

• Risk financing mechanisms include self-insurance, community-based mechanisms, insurance, reinsurance, catastrophe bonds, and calamity funds.
• Examples from various countries illustrate the importance of risk information databases, early warning systems, and financial instruments in managing disaster risks.

Regional Strategies for DRR

• The workshop proposed regional strategies for SAR and EAP to enhance DRR integration.
• These strategies aim to promote cross-sectoral collaboration, institutional capacity building, and policy coherence.
• Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Pakistan were considered for shaping these strategies.

Recommendations

• Political Will and Leadership: Essential for advancing DRR and risk transfer.
• Central Coordination and Local Capacity Building: Need for a unified approach and support at the local level.
• Speedy Implementation: Rapid response mechanisms are crucial for effective disaster recovery.
• Early Warning and Forecasting Systems: Must be strengthened to improve preparedness.
• Disaster Damage Assessment Tools: Development of better tools to evaluate and manage disaster impacts.
• Private Risk Transfer Mechanisms: Encouragement of private sector involvement in risk transfer.
• Benchmarking Progress: Regular evaluation of disaster management performance is necessary.

Conclusion

The workshop provided a platform for knowledge sharing and policy development, emphasizing the need for proactive DRR and risk transfer strategies in SAR and EAP. It highlighted the importance of integrating DRR into development planning and called for greater institutional support, technical capacity, and financial innovation to enhance resilience against natural disasters.