城市效率：全球城市建筑节能政策调查（英文版）_189页_15mb

报告摘要

Urban Efficiency: A Global Survey of Building Energy Efficiency Policies in Cities

Core Content

Urban Efficiency is a comprehensive report published in November 2014 and updated in May 2015, offering a global overview of building energy efficiency policies implemented by cities. It was developed by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group in collaboration with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, aiming to provide city officials with insights into successful practices and challenges faced in implementing energy efficiency measures.

The report is designed to help cities design new policies or review existing ones, and it addresses the lack of evidence on city-level activities related to building energy efficiency. It includes case studies from ten leading cities and provides policy maps that categorize initiatives into twelve policy elements, distinguishing between new and existing buildings.

Main Objectives

To document the range of building energy efficiency policies in cities globally.
To gather detailed information on the conditions, opportunities, and challenges of implementing such policies.
To analyze the success factors and effectiveness of different approaches in various contexts.

Key Policy Elements

Building Energy Codes
Many cities have developed more stringent codes for new and renovated buildings than national or state regulations.
Reporting and Benchmarking of Energy Performance Data
Cities increasingly use reporting and benchmarking to track energy use, with some targeting large buildings and others including smaller ones.
Mandatory Auditing and Retro-Commissioning
Periodic audits and retro-commissioning are common for large commercial buildings, with some cities expanding to cover all building types.
Emissions Trading Schemes
Tokyo has pioneered a cap-and-trade scheme for buildings, managed by the city itself, with a mandatory emissions reduction target.
Green Building Rating and Energy Performance Labelling
Cities use green building standards and energy performance labels as part of planning, permitting, and financial incentive systems.
Financial Incentives
Cities offer a variety of financial incentives for energy efficiency, including grants, rebates, and subsidies, often in collaboration with utilities and national agencies.
Non-Financial Incentives
Cities provide expedited permits, extra floor area allowances, and use green building certifications as criteria for energy efficiency.
Awareness Raising Programmes
Cities promote energy efficiency through education, guidebooks, seminars, and weatherization programs targeting low-income households.
Promoting Green Leases
Some cities encourage green leases to address the split incentive problem between building owners and tenants.
Voluntary Leadership Programmes
Cities foster voluntary actions through competitions, flagship projects, and partnerships with the private sector.
Government Leadership
City governments lead by example through green building standards for their own facilities and by using these as testbeds for new technologies.
Other Initiatives
Includes low-carbon zone demarcation, promotion of energy service companies (ESCOs), and Better Buildings Partnerships.

Case Studies

The report includes detailed case studies from the following cities:

Hong Kong: Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance (BEEO)
Houston: Houston Green Office Challenge (HGOC)
Melbourne: 1200 Buildings programme
New York City: Mandatory benchmarking scheme under the Greener, Greater Buildings Plan
Philadelphia: Building Energy Benchmarking Ordinance
San Francisco: Existing Commercial Buildings Energy Performance Ordinance
Seattle: Building Energy Benchmarking and Reporting Program
Singapore: Existing Buildings Legislation
Sydney: Smart Green Apartments programme
Tokyo: Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program

Each case study outlines the programme context, implementation process, results, and lessons learned.

Key Findings

Success Factors

Stakeholder Engagement: Almost all cities emphasize the importance of involving industry, civil society, academia, and other government bodies in the design and implementation of energy efficiency programmes.
Partner Support: Collaboration with industry groups and utilities is critical for programme success.
Mayoral Buy-In: Support from city leaders is a key enabler.
Flexibility in Implementation: Cities benefit from flexible timeframes and tailored strategies for different building segments.
Linkages Between Regulatory and Voluntary Measures: Effective integration of regulatory and voluntary initiatives, along with financial incentives, enhances programme impact.

Key Challenges

Shifting Focus from Compliance to Outcomes: Cities struggle to move from merely meeting reporting requirements to understanding and utilizing energy performance data.
Data Management: Ensuring accuracy and access to aggregated data remains a challenge.
Staff Capacity: Limited city resources and expertise hinder programme implementation.
Outreach and Marketing: Effective communication and promotion of programmes are necessary to engage the public and private sectors.
Tenant Engagement: Overcoming the split incentive problem between building owners and tenants is a major hurdle.

Future Perspectives

The report highlights the need for further research into how cities identify and measure the impacts of their building energy efficiency policies.
A more comprehensive database of policies across a wider range of cities and policy elements is recommended.
Cities are increasingly adopting a phased approach to public disclosure of energy performance data.
Continued stakeholder and public education is essential for influencing market trends and increasing awareness of the benefits of energy efficiency.

Conclusion

Urban Efficiency serves as a valuable resource for city officials, offering insights into successful practices and challenges in building energy efficiency. It is not exhaustive but provides a foundational framework for future studies and policy development. The report underscores the importance of collaboration, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of regulatory and voluntary initiatives in achieving meaningful energy efficiency outcomes.

Acknowledgements

The report was made possible by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, with contributions from various cities and stakeholders.