2010年-世界发展银行全球_Haiti_Coffee_Supply_Chain_Risk_Assessment_34页_2mb

Haiti Coffee Supply Chain Risk Assessment Summary

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the coffee supply chain in Haiti, highlighting the key risks and constraints affecting its sustainability and growth. The assessment was conducted in November 2009 and does not reflect conditions post the 2010 earthquake. It was commissioned by the National Coffee Institute of Haiti (INCAH) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR), and funded by the European Commission's All ACP Agricultural Commodities Program (AAACP).

Haiti's coffee industry is vital to both the economy and the environment, with coffee being a major source of income for over 100,000 farmers and playing a key role in maintaining the country's limited tree cover. Despite its importance, coffee production has been declining since the 1970s, with the area under cultivation dropping from 85,000 Ha in 1981 to 43,000 Ha in 2007. Production also fell from 42,900 tons in 1980 to 21,000 tons in 2007, and coffee exports declined from $90 million to $3.2 million during the same period.

Main Supply Chains

There are five major coffee supply chains in Haiti, categorized by their purpose and volume:

• Artisanal coffee supply chain for domestic consumption (58%): An informal, fragmented chain that delivers unwashed coffee to urban and suburban markets.
• Coffee supply chain for informal trade with the Dominican Republic (28%): Dominated by small traders and microenterprises, transporting coffee across the border for roasting.
• Commercial/industrial coffee supply chain for domestic consumption (6%): Relatively concentrated, with major roasters like Rebo International and Weiner dominating the market.
• 'Café pile' supply chain for export (6%): A traditional supply chain for unwashed, low-quality coffee, which has seen a significant decline in volume and value.
• Specialty coffee supply chain (2%): Includes gourmet and fair trade coffee, supported by cooperatives and NGOs, with limited success in capturing international markets.

Key Constraints

The report outlines several systemic constraints that have contributed to the decline of the coffee industry:

1. Environmental degradation: Loss of tree cover, primarily due to deforestation and the replacement of coffee with more profitable crops.
2. Access to credit: Limited availability and high interest rates hinder investment in coffee production.
3. Poor infrastructure: Inadequate transportation and logistics systems affect the efficiency of the supply chain.
4. Unsecured land tenure: Inhibits long-term investment and sustainable farming practices.
5. Aging coffee trees and farmers: Both contribute to lower productivity and increased vulnerability.
6. Structure of the 'creole garden': A traditional mixed cropping system that limits productivity and investment.
7. Waning government interest: Reduced support and coordination at the national level.
8. Lack of industry-level coordination: Weak linkages between stakeholders and limited capacity for collective action.

Major Risks and Risk Management

The report identifies three main categories of risks:

• Production Risks: Include environmental degradation, pest and disease infestations (particularly Scolyte, with infestation rates ranging from 20 to 50% and production losses between 15 to 20%).
• Market Risks: Involve trade issues, political instability, and reduced demand from key markets like the Dominican Republic.
• Other Risks: Encompass financial instability of cooperatives, poor management practices, and lack of international promotion.

The priority risks include:

• The long-term decline of national coffee production and the exodus of key participants.
• Environmental degradation, which both causes and exacerbates the decline in production.
• The failure of coffee exporting cooperatives, which can damage both specialty and domestic supply chains.

Vulnerability and Priority Measures

The coffee supply chain in Haiti is highly vulnerable due to the interplay of environmental, economic, and institutional factors. The report recommends several priority measures to address these vulnerabilities and enhance risk management:

• Regeneration of plantations: To restore tree cover and improve coffee productivity.
• National Scolyte control: To mitigate the impact of pest infestations.
• Supply chain integration: To improve coordination and efficiency across all levels.
• Institutional strengthening: To enhance support from government and improve the capacity of cooperatives and other stakeholders.
• Environmental management: Including reforestation efforts to protect the fragile ecosystem.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the need for a comprehensive revitalization plan that addresses the multifaceted challenges facing the Haitian coffee industry. It calls for increased investment, better governance, and sustainable practices to ensure the long-term viability of coffee as an economic and ecological asset in Haiti. The informal nature of the supply chain, while offering flexibility, also presents challenges in terms of reliability and long-term planning. The assessment concludes that the current moment presents a unique opportunity for the coffee sector to move towards a more productive and sustainable future.

Key Points

• Coffee is vital to Haiti's economy and environment.
• Five main supply chains exist, with the artisanal and informal trade chains being the largest.
• Major constraints include environmental degradation, poor access to credit, and unsecured land tenure.
• Key risks involve production decline, market instability, and cooperative failure.
• Priority measures focus on plantation regeneration, pest control, and institutional strengthening.

References

• FAO Stat
• INCAH
• IDB
• European Commission's AAACP

Annexes

• Annex 1: Haiti Coffee Supply Chain Risk Assessment Agenda
• Annex 2: List of participants at the Haiti Coffee Supply Chain Risk Assessment Meeting
• Annex 3: Glossary of key terms