亚开行-太平洋岛国的全球价值链：模式与结构（英）-2023.5-25页

The study "Global Value Chains in the Pacific Island Countries: Patterns and Structure" examines the extent and nature of global value chain (GVC) participation in Pacific Island Countries (PICs) using data from 1999-2018 for country and industry levels, complemented by firm-level data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys for 2009 and 2015. The analysis highlights that PICs face substantial limitations in GVC engagement, primarily due to their "islandness" characteristics, such as small size, remoteness, and limited industrial development.

Key country-level findings reveal that PICs have a minimal role in global and regional production networks, with declining foreign value-added (FVA) shares in exports, indicating reduced backward linkage. This limits foreign technology transfer and hampered economic growth. Forward linkage (domestic value-added exports used elsewhere) is also constrained, suggesting PICs are not integral to global production networks, with countries like Papua New Guinea relying heavily on resource exports, which are unsustainable in the long term.

At the industry level, PICs predominantly engage in low-value-added activities, such as agriculture and textiles. Strategic industries show varying levels of GVC integration, with medium-high technology groups having higher FVA shares, but overall, most industries are concentrated in lower tiers of global value chains, limiting industrial upgrading.

Firm-level analysis underscores that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) encounter significant barriers to GVC participation due to insufficient labor productivity, limited quality certification, and inadequate financial and managerial resources. While factors like firm size and foreign ownership correlate with initial GVC entry, they are insufficient for deepening participation. Macro-level business-enabling factors, including good governance, trade openness, and foreign direct investment, are crucial for facilitating smoother integration.

The study concludes that subnational and national policies focusing on industrial development, regional cooperation, and improving the business environment are essential to overcome island challenges and enhance PICs' GVC and regional value chain participation. Specific recommendations include promoting capacity building, research and development for local industries, and targeted support for SMEs to foster sustainable economic development.