2018年-世界发展银行全球_Findings_of_the_Mozambique_Water_Supply_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_Poverty_Diagnostic_91页_7mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Mozambique Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic

Core Content

This document presents the findings of the Mozambique Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic, highlighting the disparities in access to basic WASH services and their implications for poverty reduction and human development. The study was funded by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, and it was a multi-Global Practice initiative led by the Water and Poverty team with support from Governance and Health, Nutrition, and Population.

Main Findings

Poverty and Access to Basic Services

Mozambique's economy has grown, but the poor are not benefiting equally from this growth.
In 2015, 11.2 million people (almost half the population) lived in poverty, with 10 million in the bottom 40 percent (B40).
Poverty is "regionalized," with Nampula and Zambezia having the highest concentrations of the poor.
Urban areas have seen a decline in poverty rates, while rural areas have experienced stagnation or worsening of poverty gaps.
The poor are disproportionately affected by low access to improved water and sanitation, especially in rural areas.

Water and Sanitation Access

In 2015, 58% of the population had access to improved water sources, slightly below the mean for similar African countries.
Access to improved sanitation was only 28%, significantly lower than other countries in the region.
The urban-rural gap in water access is large, and the gap in sanitation access remains substantial.
Coverage goals for 2015 were not met: rural water coverage reached 6.3 million people, short of the 11 million target; urban water coverage reached 6.6 million, slightly above the 6 million target.
Sanitation coverage increased only 1% per year over the last 13 years, far below the required 2.5–3.5% annual increase to meet government targets.

Service Quality, Availability, and Affordability

Urban water providers have not emphasized water quality or service quality despite increased investment.
Piped water availability is declining in four provinces (Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Zambezia, and Manica), which have high poverty rates.
Access to improved sanitation is still low, especially in rural areas, with some provinces relying heavily on unimproved facilities.
Open defecation rates have decreased but remain high, particularly among the B40 and in rural areas.
Improved access to water and sanitation is linked to better educational and health outcomes, especially for children.

Institutional Challenges

There are significant gaps between policy and implementation in the WASH sector.
Rural water and sanitation services are lagging due to limited resources, weak governance, and poor institutional capacity.
Decentralization is a key strategy, but it requires more agile intergovernmental transfers and stronger local capacity.
The sector must review and assess interventions to better align with local needs and roles, and enhance collaboration with the private sector and communities.

Key Messages

Water Access: Mozambique has slightly lower improvements in access to improved water compared to similar African countries since 2010.
Sanitation Access: Access to improved sanitation has stagnated, and the country needs to prioritize sanitation in its poverty reduction strategies.
Poverty and Inequity: Poverty is geographically concentrated, particularly in Nampula and Zambezia.
Health Impacts: Poor WASH conditions are linked to higher disease burdens, especially in children, and contribute to malnutrition and stunting.
Decentralization: Decentralization offers a path to improve service delivery in rural areas, but requires structural reforms and better funding mechanisms.

Lessons and Recommendations

Lesson 1: Decentralization

There is a growing momentum for rural decentralization, which could increase access to development finance.
The designation of District Services of Planning and Infrastructure (SDPI) as an independent budgeting unit is a step toward this.

Recommendations:

Develop an implementation framework for new projects that allows rural areas to benefit from decentralization.
Empower districts with greater fiscal autonomy and broader service delivery mandates.

Lesson 2: Financing and Inequity

The WASH sector has significant financing gaps and geographic inequities in service coverage.
Heavy reliance on external funding creates uncertainty and inefficiency.
The sector has underspent by 13% over the last 15 years, exacerbating regional disparities.

Recommendations:

Pursue independent budget classifications for WASH to improve efficiency and long-term planning.
Enhance local capacity for planning and implementation.

Key Tables and Figures

Table ES.1: Provincial summary of poverty and WASH access.
Table ES.2: Subsector summary of WASH coverage and investment needs.
Table 3.1: Trends in water access by B40 and T60, 2003–2015.
Table 3.2: Joint Monitoring Programme drinking-water coverage.
Table 5.1: Distribution of responsibilities for central government water agencies.
Table 5.2: Proportion of external funding to total funding.
Table 5.3: Comparative expenditure on rural and urban water services (2013–2015).
Table 5.4: Coverage needs and investments for WASH in Mozambique.
Figure ES.1: Water-access trends relative to comparable countries.
Figure ES.2: Sanitation-access trends relative to comparable countries.
Figure 2.1: Child malnutrition in the UNICEF conceptual framework.
Figure 3.1: Trends in water access by type and area, 2003–2015.
Figure 3.8: Improved sanitation access rates by province and B40/T60.
Figure 4.1: Evolution of compliance with water-quality parameters.
Figure 4.2: Reduction in diarrhea incidence through WASH interventions.
Figure 4.3: Time to reach water supply or sanitation facilities in rural areas.
Figure 4.4: Reasons for not being connected to water or sanitation services.
Figure 5.1: Mozambique public sector structure.
Figure 5.3: Annual investment requirements and anticipated funding sources.
Figure 5.4: Annotated schematic of subsector financial flows.

Conclusion

The document underscores the urgent need for targeted investments and institutional reforms in the WASH sector to reduce poverty and improve health and educational outcomes. It highlights the importance of decentralization, better financing mechanisms, and enhanced local capacity for effective service delivery. The findings call for coordinated action across sectors to address the root causes of poor WASH access and its impact on human development.

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