深度-斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所-21世纪有效全面的CBRN安全风险管理（英文）-2021.6-16页_1mb

Summary of "Effective and Comprehensive CBRN Security Risk Management in the 21st Century"

Core Content

This paper discusses the evolving challenges of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) security in the 21st century and argues for a comprehensive, integrated approach to managing these risks. The authors emphasize the need to strengthen international norms against the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and to ensure their full implementation through the internalization of safety and security practices among relevant professional communities. The paper also highlights the importance of cross-sectoral cooperation between public and private actors to enhance CBRN risk management.

Main Points

1. CBRN Security Paradigm

• The CBRN security paradigm focuses on both the prevention and response to CBRN events, regardless of their origin.
• It aims to prevent the deliberate misuse of CBRN knowledge and materials.
• The paradigm includes both CBRN safety (preventing unintentional release of materials) and CBRN security (preventing deliberate misuse).

2. International Frameworks and Instruments

• Three main frameworks underpin CBRN security efforts:
  • Multilateral non-proliferation and disarmament agreements (e.g., BWC, CWC, NPT)
  • International instruments for countering WMD terrorism (e.g., UN Security Council Resolution 1540, UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy)
  • WMD-relevant export and import control arrangements (e.g., Zangger Committee, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement)

3. Key CBRN Security Risks in the EU

• The EU faces growing risks from the potential use of CBRN materials by non-state actors.
• These risks include the online planning of CBRN attacks, the availability of dual-use materials, and the increasing accessibility of biological toxins.
• The 2019 and 2020 Europol reports indicate that while no actual incidents were reported, the threat of CBRN attacks persists and is often discussed in closed online forums.

4. EU Policy and Strategy

• The EU has developed a multi-layered strategy to address CBRN security risks, which includes:
  • Strengthening multilateralism through the universalization and implementation of disarmament treaties.
  • Promoting a stable international and regional environment by integrating WMD concerns into diplomatic, political, and economic activities.
  • Cooperating closely with the United States and other partners to enhance security and counter proliferation.
  • Developing internal structures within the EU to monitor and implement the strategy effectively.

5. EU Legal and Regulatory Measures

• EU Directive 2017/541 criminalizes the manufacture, possession, and use of CBRN weapons, and defines research and development of such weapons as legal offenses.
• Council Regulation No. 428/2009 establishes a control regime for dual-use items, including software and technology, to prevent their misuse in WMD development.
• The regulation includes a list of dual-use items, authorization procedures, and record-keeping requirements for exporters and brokers.

6. Hybrid Threats and CBRN Security

• The concept of hybrid threats encompasses both coercive and subversive activities, including conventional and unconventional methods.
• CBRN security is seen as a critical component in countering hybrid threats, especially those involving non-state actors.

Key Instruments

Conclusion

The paper concludes that effective CBRN security risk management requires a multilayered, integrated approach, involving all relevant sectors and stakeholders. It advocates for the enhancement of international cooperation, the strengthening of domestic legal frameworks, and the internalization of safety and security practices. The EU's role in this context is highlighted, with a focus on policy, legal, and institutional mechanisms to prevent and respond to CBRN threats.

References

• BWC (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention): 10 Apr. 1972, entered into force 26 Mar. 1975
• CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention): 1993
• NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons): 1 July 1968, entered into force 5 Mar. 1970
• UN Security Council Resolution 1540: 28 Apr. 2004
• Europol Reports: 2019 and 2020 EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Reports
• EU Strategy against Proliferation of WMD: 2003
• EU Action Plan on CBRN Security Risks: 2017
• EU Security Union Strategy: 2020
• EU Directive 2017/541: On combating terrorism
• Council Regulation No. 428/2009: On dual-use items

Key Recommendations

• Integrate CBRN safety and security measures into all relevant professional practices.
• Enhance cross-sectoral cooperation between defense, law enforcement, intelligence, civil protection, health, research, and business.
• Strengthen the implementation of multilateral treaties and international instruments.
• Promote public-private partnerships and stakeholder engagement.
• Implement robust export control and monitoring systems to prevent the misuse of CBRN materials and technologies.