IRENA-绿氢：政策制定指导书（英文）-2020.11-52页_8mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Green Hydrogen: A Guide to Policy Making"

Core Content

This document, published by IRENA in 2020, provides a comprehensive guide for policymakers on how to support the development and adoption of green hydrogen as a key tool for decarbonizing the energy sector. It outlines the current status, drivers, and barriers to green hydrogen, and proposes an integrated policy approach to overcome these challenges and enable its transition from a niche to a widespread energy carrier.

Main Viewpoints

Green hydrogen is the most suitable form of hydrogen for a fully sustainable energy transition, produced through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy.
Hydrogen comes in different forms (shades), each with varying levels of carbon emissions and sustainability. These include grey, blue, turquoise, and green hydrogen, with green hydrogen being the only fully carbon-free option.
Drivers of the new wave of interest in green hydrogen include:
- Low variable renewable energy (VRE) electricity costs.
- Technologies ready to scale up, such as electrolysis and fuel cells.
- Enhanced system flexibility and energy storage capabilities.
- Government objectives for net-zero emissions.
- Broader use of hydrogen across the economy, including industrial and transport applications.
- Interest from multiple stakeholders in both public and private sectors.
Barriers to green hydrogen adoption include:
- High production costs.
- Lack of dedicated infrastructure for transport and storage.
- Limited value recognition and challenges in ensuring sustainability.
- Energy losses during production and usage.
- Need for policy support to address these issues.

Key Information

1. Status of Green Hydrogen

Global hydrogen production is around 120 million tonnes annually, with two-thirds being pure hydrogen and one-third mixed with other gases.
Current production methods rely heavily on fossil fuels, accounting for 95% of global hydrogen output.
Green hydrogen is still in the demonstration phase, with no significant commercial production from renewable sources yet.

2. Different Shades of Hydrogen

Grey hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels and has high CO₂ emissions.
Blue hydrogen uses carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce emissions, but it still relies on methane and has limited potential for a net-zero future.
Turquoise hydrogen involves natural gas with CO₂ capture and uses carbon black as a by-product, currently in the pilot stage.
Green hydrogen is the only form that is fully carbon-free and aligns with the net-zero emissions goal.

3. Policy Pillars

IRENA outlines four central policy pillars to support the development of green hydrogen:

National strategies: Developing a clear national hydrogen strategy to guide long-term planning and investment.
Policy priorities: Identifying and prioritizing policies that support green hydrogen adoption.
Governance system and enabling policies: Establishing a robust governance framework and enabling regulations.
Guarantee of origin scheme: Creating a system to track and verify the sustainability of green hydrogen production.

4. Supporting Policies

The document highlights specific policy supports for different segments of the hydrogen value chain:

Electrolysis: Policies to reduce capital and operating costs, support R&D, and incentivize renewable electricity use.
Hydrogen infrastructure: Investment in transport and storage systems, standardization, and regulatory frameworks.
Industrial applications: Policies to promote the use of hydrogen in hard-to-electrify sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals.
Synthetic fuels in aviation: Policies to support the development of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) using green hydrogen.
Hydrogen in maritime shipping: Policies to encourage the use of hydrogen as a clean fuel for shipping.

5. Benefits of Green Hydrogen

Provides system flexibility and storage capacity, supporting the integration of variable renewable energy.
Enhances energy security by diversifying energy supply chains.
Reduces air pollution and supports economic growth, job creation, and industrial competitiveness.
Enables sector coupling, allowing the use of surplus renewable electricity for hydrogen production.

6. Challenges and Recommendations

High production costs are a major barrier, especially compared to grey hydrogen.
Lack of infrastructure and value recognition hinder widespread adoption.
Policy recommendations are necessary to address these challenges and support the transition to a hydrogen-based economy.

Conclusion

IRENA emphasizes the importance of integrated policy approaches and four pillars to enable the transition of green hydrogen from a niche to a mainstream energy carrier. The guide serves as a foundational resource for policymakers, offering insights into the potential of green hydrogen and the policy tools required to support its growth.

References

IRENA (2020), Green Hydrogen: A guide to policy making, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
Liu et al. (2020), CO₂ emissions reductions during the pandemic.
Hydrogen Council (2020), Electrolysis cost reductions.
US DOE (2017), Fuel cell technology advancements.
NREL (2020), Cost of hydrogen vehicles.
IRENA (2019a), Hydrogen production and usage.
IRENA (2019b), Renewable electricity cost trends.
Quarton et al. (2019), Cost assumptions in energy transition scenarios.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1.1: Illustrates the production, conversion, and end uses of green hydrogen across the energy system.
Figure 1.2: Shows the different shades of hydrogen and their associated production methods.
Table 2.1: Provides examples of guarantee of origin schemes for hydrogen.

Boxes

Box 1.1: Explains the varying roles of green hydrogen in different energy transition scenarios.
Box 1.2: Details the cost components and production costs of green hydrogen.