2014年-世界发展银行全球_Papua_New_Guinea___Sanitation_Water_Supply_and_Hygiene_in_Urban_Informal_Settlements_56页_2mb

Summary of Sanitation, Water Supply and Hygiene in Urban Informal Settlements in Papua New Guinea

Core Content

This report presents the findings of a 2014 research study conducted by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) in collaboration with various stakeholders, focusing on the conditions of sanitation, water supply, and hygiene in urban informal settlements in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The research was carried out in Port Moresby, the capital city, and Wewak, a representative provincial town, to inform the development of the country's first National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy.

Main Findings

Settlement Characteristics

• Informal settlements are residential areas built on land with uncertain or illegal tenure, often outside formal urban planning areas.
• They are typically self-built, with residents having low incomes, limited education, and informal employment.
• These settlements are not high density, but many people live in small, overcrowded houses.
• Informal settlements are a permanent and growing feature of PNG's urban landscape, with some existing since the 1950s.

Population and Growth

• In Port Moresby, 45% of the population lives in informal settlements, with estimates of 250,000–350,000 people residing in these areas.
• In Lae, over 50% of the urban population lives in settlements.
• In Wewak, 40–50% of the population lives in settlements, while in Goroka, the proportion is as high as 60%.
• Urban population growth in PNG is expected to reach 1.73 million by 2030, with settlements continuing to grow as a result.

Land Ownership and Tenure

• 97% of land in PNG is customary, with only 2% government or state-owned and 1% freehold.
• Informal settlements often occupy customary land, which is not subject to formal planning and development controls.
• Land ownership arrangements are complex, involving kinship, rental, or sale, and often lack legal documentation.
• Disputes over land are common, and some settlements are in areas of conflict between customary landowners.

Institutional Responsibilities

• No single ministry is responsible for informal settlements after the 1986 housing policy change.
• The Office of Urbanisation is responsible for urban development but has limited resources and capacity.
• Local Level Governments (LLGs) and ward committees are the main structures that can represent settlements, but they often neglect or ignore them.
• The National Capital District Commission (NCDC) is the main implementing agency for capital works and settlements, but lacks the budget and power to improve conditions.

WASH Conditions and Practices

Sanitation

• Most households have access to a toilet, but these are often basic dry pit latrines that are unsanitary and prone to overflow in the wet season.
• Over 60 people may share a single toilet, leading to poor hygiene and health risks.
• Open defecation still occurs, especially among children under five, due to fear, disgust, or lack of encouragement from parents.
• Toilet cleaning is often managed by the household, with little support from local authorities.
• Gender issues are significant: women and girls are at risk of sexual and physical violence due to water and sanitation access challenges.
• Women bear the burden of water collection and have no say in decisions regarding sanitation improvements.

Water Supply

• Access to piped water varies between settlements, but many residents rely on illegal connections or rainwater harvesting.
• Women spend a significant amount of time and energy collecting water, especially at night.
• Water quality is a concern, as illegal connections and risky collection practices can contaminate clean water.
• Households pay higher unit rates for water than the general urban population, often to local "controllers" or water committees.

Hygiene Behaviours

• Households understand the spread of germs from feces to hands to mouths, and the importance of handwashing to prevent diarrhoea.
• However, handwashing facilities are rare, and soap use is uncommon.
• Diarrhoea rates among children under five are high, indicating poor hygiene practices.

Development Priorities

• Low-cost toilet models for self-construction should be developed and trialed.
• Awareness campaigns on safe fecal waste containment and hygiene practices are needed.
• Equitable water supply options should be explored to reduce costs and improve access.
• Strengthening the relationship between utilities and settlement residents is crucial for sustainability and revenue.
• Handwashing facilities should be promoted near toilets and at key times.
• Awareness on safe water collection and storage is essential to prevent contamination.

Recommendations

• Sanitation: Develop and trial low-cost, self-build toilet models; improve awareness of safe fecal waste containment.
• Water Supply: Explore alternative, equitable service delivery options; strengthen utility-customer relationships.
• Hygiene: Promote handwashing facilities and practices; increase awareness of hygiene importance.
• Gender: Address the safety risks for women and girls; ensure their involvement in decision-making.
• Policy: Establish clear policies and guidelines for informal settlements; integrate them into urban planning processes.

Methodology and Limitations

• The research used household surveys, focus group discussions, observations, and consultations.
• 200 households were surveyed in Port Moresby and Wewak, with a margin of error of ±6.89% at 95% confidence.
• Questionnaires were translated into Pigin to facilitate communication.
• The research aimed to provide a broad overview rather than a detailed statistical analysis.
• Some limitations included incomplete data due to multiple respondents per household and lack of professional interviewers.

Conclusion

The research highlights the critical need for WASH services in PNG's informal settlements, which are home to a large portion of the urban population. Despite their significance, these settlements are often overlooked and lack institutional support. Improving WASH in these areas requires a multi-sectoral approach, involving stakeholders, local communities, and government bodies. The involvement of all relevant actors is essential for sustainable development and long-term solutions.