2010年-世界发展银行全球_Urban_Accessibility__Mobility_Index_Feasibility_Stage_Report_29页_1mb

Summary of the URBAN ACCESSIBILITY / MOBILITY INDEX Feasibility Stage Report

Core Content

This report, published in June 2010 by the World Bank, explores the feasibility of developing an Urban Accessibility/Mobility Index to assess and compare urban transport systems globally. The index aims to provide a comprehensive yet practical tool for evaluating urban transport performance across different cities, with a focus on key dimensions such as accessibility, safety, affordability, environmental impact, and public transport usage and supply.

Main Objectives

The primary goals of the index are:

• To assess how urban transport systems compare across cities.
• To track the evolution of urban transport systems over time.
• To provide evidence-based information for cities and countries to inform policy decisions.
• To support the World Bank’s overall transport strategy of promoting safe, clean, and affordable transport for development.

The index must be:

• Easy to collect and interpret.
• Replicable across cities.
• Practical in the context of limited and inconsistent data availability.

Key Dimensions and Indicators

The report outlines six key dimensions of urban transport, each with suggested indicators:

1. Urban Accessibility/Mobility

   • Indicator: Average one-way travel time to work (minutes)
   • Rationale: Reflects the ease of movement and access to essential services.

2. Urban Transport Safety

   • Indicator: Number of road fatalities per 100,000 population
   • Rationale: Highlights the safety performance of urban transport systems.

3. Environmental Impact (GHG Emissions and Air Pollution)

   • Indicators:
     • GHG emissions per capita (tons per year)
     • PM₁₀ concentration (microgram per cubic meter)
   • Rationale: Measures the impact of transport on air quality and climate change.

4. Urban Transport Affordability

   • Indicator: Percentage of household income spent on transport
   • Rationale: Assesses the financial burden of urban transport on low-income populations.

5. Public Transport Usage

   • Indicator: Percentage of motorized trips using public transport or non-motorized modes
   • Rationale: Reflects the extent of sustainable transport use.

6. Public Transport Supply

   • Indicators:
     • Bus route mileage per 100,000 population (km)
     • Number of buses and seats per 100,000 population
   • Rationale: Measures the availability and capacity of public transport infrastructure.

Data Challenges and Solutions

Data Availability

• There is a lack of reliable and standardized data at the international level for most urban transport indicators.
• Data is often outdated, with many sources providing information only up to the early 2000s.
• The data is inconsistent due to varying administrative boundaries and definitions.

Proposed Solution

To address these challenges, the Global City Indicators Facility (GCIF) was initiated by the World Bank in collaboration with other international organizations. GCIF aims to:

• Develop standardized indicators for cross-city comparisons.
• Facilitate third-party verification.
• Simplify data collection for cities.

Currently, 106 cities are part of the GCIF initiative, and it covers four of the six dimensions of the proposed index. However, data for the remaining two dimensions (affordability and public transport usage) is still limited.

In-House Regional Testing

The report includes an in-house regional testing of the proposed indicators across three cities: Mumbai, Lagos, and São Paulo. The results are presented in a star diagram, where each spoke represents one dimension.

Key Findings from Testing

• Travel time to work varies significantly among the cities, with Mumbai having the lowest (31 minutes) and Lagos the highest (53 minutes).
• Road fatalities per 1,000,000 population range from 35 (Mumbai) to 45 (Lagos), with São Paulo data not available.
• PM₁₀ concentration is highest in Mumbai (132 μg/m³) and lowest in São Paulo (40 μg/m³).
• Percentage of household income spent on transport is estimated at 17.5% in Mumbai and 20% in Lagos.
• Public transport usage is highest in Mumbai (74%) and lowest in São Paulo (56%).
• Public transport supply is most developed in Mumbai (232 km per 100,000 population) and least in São Paulo (1.9 km per 100,000 population).

Recommendations

The report concludes with the following recommendations:

1. Support GCIF in developing a comprehensive and standardized data base for urban transport indicators, to enable meaningful cross-city comparisons.
2. Explore the feasibility of developing a core set of indicators that can be used to report on the World Bank's urban transport portfolio effectively.

Conclusion

The development of an urban accessibility/mobility index is seen as a critical tool for assessing and improving urban transport systems globally. However, due to the complexity and multi-dimensionality of urban transport, a balance must be struck between comprehensiveness and practicality. The report emphasizes the need for standardized, reliable, and up-to-date data, which the GCIF initiative aims to provide.