2002年-世界发展银行全球_Scoping_Study___Urban_Mobility_in_Three_Cities--Addis_Ababa_Dar_es_Salaam_and_Nairobi_183页_4mb

Summary of Urban Mobility in Three Sub-Saharan African Cities

Core Content

This document presents a scoping study on urban mobility in three cities of sub-Saharan Africa: Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), and Nairobi (Kenya). Conducted by the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) in collaboration with the World Bank and UN Economic Commission for Africa, the study aims to identify key issues affecting urban mobility and develop action plans for policy reforms. It emphasizes the need for institutional coordination, financial sustainability, and regulatory improvements to enhance the performance of urban transport systems.

Main Findings

Similarities in Urban Transport Development

• All three cities have seen private operators dominate the public transport market.
• They followed a similar pattern of regulatory development, initially having a single, vertically integrated bus company.
• These companies were protected from competition but unable to raise fares due to political reasons and lacked financial capacity to meet growing demand.
• Deregulation in the 1980s and 1990s led to the entry of numerous private operators, which resulted in fragmented markets, lower service quality, and increased safety risks.

Institutional and Regulatory Frameworks

• Urban transport responsibilities have been devolved to the city level, but municipal involvement in planning and regulation is limited.
• Municipalities are mainly involved in road maintenance but lack the capacity and funding to manage the entire transport system effectively.
• Regulatory bodies are weak in all three cities, leading to unfair competition, lack of control over fares, and inadequate enforcement of traffic laws.

Public Transport Systems

• Addis Ababa:

  • Anbessa Bus Enterprise operates about 27% of public transport and receives subsidies.
  • Mini-buses and taxis account for 73% of public transport usage.
  • Fares vary with distance, and express services are more expensive.
  • The public transport market is fragmented, with low financial sustainability and inadequate infrastructure.

• Dar es Salaam:

  • The public transport system is completely road-based.
  • Dala dalas (small vehicles) dominate the market, accounting for 90% of transport services.
  • UDA, the state bus company, has a minimal market share (2%).
  • Road safety is a growing concern, with increasing accident casualties over the past 6 years.
  • A computerized accident database exists, but it is not well maintained due to hardware failures and lack of backup procedures.

• Nairobi:

  • Conventional buses (KBS) and Matatus (private minibuses) are the main modes of transport.
  • Matatus dominate the market, with 30% of the city's transport.
  • Road safety is the worst among the three cities, with the highest fatality rate.
  • Infrastructure is in poor condition, with cracks, potholes, and lack of markings.
  • Pedestrian facilities are minimal, and road safety awareness is low.
  • Nighttime accidents account for 47% of all incidents due to poor lighting and high crime rates.

Key Issues

• High accident rates are a common concern across all three cities, with low safety standards, poor road maintenance, and inadequate law enforcement.
• Public transport is expensive and unreliable, making it unaffordable for the poor.
• Walking and cycling are not well supported, despite their importance for low-income commuters.
• Environmental issues are growing, particularly due to high vehicle density and inadequate emissions control.
• Transport contributes to employment, but lack of regulation and fragmented markets hinder its potential.

Key Recommendations

• Reorganize urban transport planning and development to ensure coherent and focused interventions.
• Improve institutional coordination and regulatory frameworks to address unfair competition and safety concerns.
• Enhance financial sustainability by increasing access to equity capital and developing alternative funding sources.
• Invest in road infrastructure and pedestrian facilities to improve safety and accessibility.
• Promote environmentally sustainable transport by reducing vehicle emissions and encouraging public transport use.
• Implement better data management systems for road safety, including computerized databases and regular updates.
• Strengthen law enforcement and traffic management to reduce accidents and improve road conditions.

Strategic Approach

• The Urban Mobility Component of SSATP aims to identify complementary interventions and policy reforms to improve safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
• Action plans will be developed based on the findings, with a focus on policy development and capacity building.
• Stakeholder engagement is critical, with national workshops planned for early 2003 to discuss and debate the study's findings and recommendations.

Conclusion

The study highlights the urgent need for policy reform in urban transport across the three cities. While public transport is essential for economic growth and social inclusion, current regulatory and institutional shortcomings are impeding its effectiveness. A coordinated and sustainable approach is necessary to address these challenges and improve urban mobility in sub-Saharan Africa.