2015年-世界发展银行全球_Policies_for_Sustainable_Accessibility_and_Mobility_in_Urban_Areas_of_Africa_140页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Policies for Sustainable Accessibility and Mobility in Urban Areas of Africa"

Core Content

This document, published by the Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) in June 2015, presents a comprehensive analysis of accessibility and mobility challenges in African urban areas and proposes a set of policy recommendations to address them. It is aimed at policy- and decision-makers and emphasizes the need for sustainable and integrated transport solutions to support urban development and poverty alleviation in Africa.

Main Purpose

The primary objective of the paper is to improve accessibility and mobility in African cities by proposing a conceptual framework and policy recommendations. It addresses the urgent need for better transport governance and infrastructure, especially in the context of rapid urbanization across the continent.

Methodology and Structure

The paper is structured into five main chapters and includes annexes. The methodology followed five key steps:

Data and knowledge gathering: Based on an extended literature review, benchmarking among 20 African cities, field visits, and stakeholder consultations.
Identification of key issues: Analyzing current trends and challenges in urban transport governance, systems, and impacts.
Highlighting international lessons: Drawing insights from global experiences in managing urban transport systems.
Formulation of policy recommendations: Proposing actionable steps for improving transport systems and mobility in African cities.
Peer review: Subjecting the recommendations to review by African stakeholders and experts following international seminars.

Key Concepts

Transport: Refers to the system that enables movement of people and goods. It includes infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.
Mobility: The ability, tendency, and need of users to move, which generates transport demand. It emphasizes the demand side of the transport system.
Accessibility: The capacity of a location to be reached or to reach other locations, influenced by transport infrastructure and services.

Current State and Emerging Trends

Urban population growth: Africa is experiencing the fastest urban population growth globally, with an estimated 3.09% annual increase from 2011 to 2030. By 2050, it is projected to exceed 1.2 billion.
Urban areas: 65% of the urban population lives in areas with less than 1 million inhabitants, and 55% in areas with less than 500,000 inhabitants.
Governance: Governance in urban transport is generally weak, with limited institutional and financial capacities. However, some positive trends are emerging in cities like Rabat-Sale, Casablanca, and Cape Town.
Transport systems: Most cities lack integrated land-use planning and have limited public transport services. Only a few cities are actively improving their transport supply.
Impacts: Urban transport systems contribute significantly to road safety issues, environmental degradation, and high travel costs and times. Few cities monitor air pollution or conduct source apportionment studies.

Main Issues Identified

1. Urban Transport Governance

Organization: Lack of coordination and integration.
Human Resources: Insufficient skilled personnel.
Financing: Limited and unreliable funding sources.
Land Use: Inadequate integration with transport planning.

2. Urban Transport Systems

Public Space: Poor design and management.
Transport Services: Limited availability and quality.
Transport Infrastructure: Inadequate and poorly maintained.

3. Impacts of Urban Transport

Road Safety: Weak regulation and enforcement.
Environmental Quality: Limited monitoring and mitigation.
Travel Cost and Time: High and often unaffordable.

International Lessons

Integrated Vision: Requires a long-term, integrated approach to urban development.
Political Leadership: Strong and sustained political will is essential for reforms.
Coordination: Clear authority and coordination mechanisms are necessary to manage resources effectively.
Data and Knowledge: Access to reliable data and technical know-how is crucial for planning and implementation.
Walking and Cycling: These should be prioritized in mobility improvements.
Public Transport Integration: Services must be integrated across modes and operators.
Infrastructure Design: Infrastructure must align with transport functions and priorities.
Externalities: Efforts should be made to reduce negative impacts such as pollution and congestion.

Policy Recommendations

The paper proposes a conceptual framework called EASI (Enable, Avoid, Shift, Improve), which is divided into four main components:

Enable

Establish an efficient and responsible governance system.
Improve institutional and financial arrangements.
Strengthen planning and coordination mechanisms.

Avoid

Promote integrated land-use and transport planning.
Reduce the need for individual motorized travel.

Shift

Increase modal share of public and non-motorized transport.
Encourage the use of buses, rail, walking, and cycling.

Improve

Enhance the efficiency and safety of transport modes.
Reduce environmental impact through sustainable practices.

Conclusion

The paper emphasizes the urgent need for action to address the growing challenges of urban transport in Africa. It advocates for immediate implementation of the EASI framework to improve accessibility and mobility, which are critical for sustainable urban development and poverty alleviation. The recommendations aim to guide African cities towards becoming more livable and economically vibrant.

Key Partners and Contributors

SSATP: International partnership for transport policy development in Africa.
World Bank: Provided guidance and support.
Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO): Complemented financing for the project.
Various stakeholders: Including local and national authorities, research institutions, and international organizations.