2009年-世界发展银行全球_Pakistan___NWFP_Growth_Policy_Note_Volume_2_Annexes_77页_1mb

报告摘要

Summary of NWFP Horticulture Sector Analysis

Core Content

The Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan has a diverse agro-ecological environment that supports the cultivation of a wide range of horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, and floriculture. The sector is vital for economic growth, especially in areas with limited arable land, due to its high value per unit area. However, the sector faces several challenges that hinder its competitiveness in both domestic and international markets.

Main Viewpoints

Sector Overview: NWFP has 23 districts and eight agro-ecological zones, supporting a variety of temperate and sub-tropical horticultural crops. The province accounts for 6% of Pakistan’s total fruit area and 15% of vegetable area (2004/05).
Market Position: The domestic fresh market is the primary outlet for horticultural products, but the sector lacks competitiveness due to high production costs, poor infrastructure, and lack of modern technology.
Global Trends: There is a rising demand for fresh and dried fruits, nuts, and organic products, particularly in the EU and North America, where prices for premium produce are 30% higher than conventional products. Fair-trade and value-added products also present significant market opportunities.
Value Chain Structure: The horticulture value chain in NWFP is characterized by multiple intermediaries, with contractors, commission agents, and wholesalers playing key roles. Retailers and consumers are at the end of the chain, with intermediaries capturing more than four times the grower's earnings.
Competitive Environment: The sector suffers from low factor conditions, weak demand, and poor cooperation mechanisms, making it vulnerable to competition from countries like China, India, and Iran.

Key Challenges

Priority	Challenge	Description
P1	Lack of cultivar variety	Farmers lack access to modern, high-value cultivars, which are in demand globally.
P1	Fragmented farmers, low yields, unstable demand	Small-scale farming and lack of coordination limit productivity and market access.
P1	Insufficient information and knowledge transfer	Extension services are inadequate, and farmers lack technical training and market insights.
P2	Inadequate post-harvest care	High losses (30–40%) occur due to poor handling, storage, and transportation.
P2	Weak technical support	Extension officers lack specialization in horticulture, and there are few trained professionals.
P2	Lack of agro-processing facilities	No medium- to large-scale agro-processing units exist in NWFP, limiting value addition.
P2	Poor food safety and hygiene	This is a major issue in agro-processing and affects marketability.
P2	Inefficient infrastructure	Poor roads and transport systems increase costs and reduce product quality.

Recommendations

Legislation: Pass a national law to protect foreign private-domain cultivars and enable their introduction in NWFP.
Grower Associations: Strengthen growers' associations to improve coordination, demand information, and market access.
Extension Services: Expand and improve technical extension services, including training in cultivation practices and post-harvest care.
Model Farms: Establish model farms in collaboration with research stations to demonstrate best practices.
Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Develop cool chains, cold storage units, and grading facilities to reduce losses and improve product quality.
Agro-Processing Development: Encourage small- and medium-scale agro-processing to create value-added products and additional market outlets.
Infrastructure Improvement: Address poor rural roads and transport systems to reduce costs and improve product quality.

Key Products

Fruits: Apple, peach, citrus, plum, persimmon, pear, guava, apricot, date, walnut, loquat, banana, mango, almond, grape, lychee.
Vegetables: Potato, onion, tomato, muskmelon, garlic, peas, turnip, okra, arum, spinach, cauliflower, radish, eggplant, watermelon, tinda, bitter gourd, pumpkin.

Value Chain Analysis (Mango Example)

Intermediaries capture more than four times the grower's earnings.
Direct relationships with retailers could improve profitability.
Improvements in post-harvest handling are critical to reduce waste and increase market value.

Opportunities

Export Potential: NWFP has the potential to increase export volumes and market share by focusing on high-value crops and value-added products.
Organic and Fair-Trade Markets: These markets offer premium prices and greater demand.
Agro-Processing: Development of juice, dried fruit, and frozen products can diversify the market and create jobs.

Conclusion

The horticulture sector in NWFP has significant growth potential, but it requires interventions in all value chain links to improve productivity, quality, and market access. Strengthening institutional support, technical capacity, and cooperative mechanisms is essential to position the sector competitively in both domestic and global markets.

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