2020年全球性别差距报告（英文版）_371页_5mb

Global Gender Gap Report 2020 Summary

Core Content

The Global Gender Gap Report 2020 is an annual publication by the World Economic Forum that assesses gender-based disparities across four key dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. It measures the progress made by 153 countries in reducing these gaps and provides insights into the future trajectory of gender parity.

The report highlights that while progress has been made, the global gender gap remains significant, with only 68.6% of the gap closed on average. This means that 31.4% still needs to be addressed. The methodology used is consistent since 2006 and includes data from international organizations and surveys of executives.

Key Findings

1. Global Gender Gap Overview

• The global average gender gap score is 68.6%, indicating a 31.4% gap remains.
• 101 of 149 countries showed improvement in their scores compared to the previous year.
• The top 10th percentile includes 16 countries that improved by more than 3.3% year-on-year.
• Iceland is the most gender-equal country for the 11th consecutive year, with 88% of the gap closed.
• Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Nicaragua follow closely in the rankings.

2. Subindex Analysis

• Political Empowerment remains the largest gender gap, with only 24.7% closed.
• Economic Participation and Opportunity gap has closed 57.8%, but this is a slight step back compared to the previous year.
• Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gaps have closed 96.1% and 95.7%, respectively, with marginal improvements.
• Women's participation in political institutions has increased significantly in many countries, with notable improvements in Latvia, Spain, and Thailand.

3. Regional Performance

• The Western Europe region has the highest average score at 76.7%.
• North America (72.9%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (72.2%) are close to Eastern Europe and Central Asia (71.3%).
• Sub-Saharan Africa (68.2%) and East Asia and the Pacific (68.5%) lag behind, with the Middle East and North Africa (60.5%) showing the lowest progress.
• The report forecasts that the global gender gap will close in 99.5 years at the current pace, but this timeline is expected to be extended due to the slow progress in the Economic Participation and Opportunity dimension.

4. Country Trends

• New entrants to the report include Trinidad and Tobago (24th), Zambia (45th), Vanuatu (126th), and Papua New Guinea (127th).
• The top five most-improved countries include Ethiopia, Spain, Mali, Albania, and Mexico, all of which closed 3.4 percentage points or more.
• In Economic Participation and Opportunity, Cape Verde, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Indonesia showed the most significant improvements.

5. Labour Market and Pay Gaps

• Only 55% of adult women are in the labour market, compared to 78% of men.
• The wage gap remains at over 40%, and the income gap is still above 50%.
• Women face significant barriers to accessing credit, land, and financial products, limiting their ability to start businesses or manage assets.

6. Educational Attainment

• 35 countries have achieved gender parity in education.
• In many developing countries, educational gaps remain large, and girls aged 15-24 are still 10% illiterate.
• While educational attainment is relatively high in some countries, women's skills may not align with the demands of future professions.

7. Future Outlook

• The Fourth Industrial Revolution requires the equal inclusion of women to ensure shared prosperity and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals.
• The World Economic Forum is working on initiatives such as Closing the Gender Gap Accelerators and Hardwiring Gender Parity in the Future of Work to promote gender equality through public-private collaboration and policy development.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgent need for action to close the gender gap, particularly in economic and political participation, and emphasizes the importance of policy, corporate responsibility, and societal change. It also highlights the positive momentum in some regions and the need for accelerated progress in others to ensure gender parity is achieved within a reasonable timeframe.