2006-12-31-世界卫生组织-2007_GYTS_Country_Report_Myanmar_44页_118kb

Summary of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and Global School Personnel Survey (GSPS) 2007 in Myanmar

Core Content

This report summarizes the findings of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and Global School Personnel Survey (GSPS) conducted in Myanmar in 2007. It provides an overview of tobacco use among students aged 13–15 and school personnel, highlighting trends in smoking and non-cigarette tobacco use, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS), and awareness of anti-tobacco messages. The data are used to inform tobacco control policies and programs in Myanmar, which is a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).

Main Findings

GYTS 2007 Results

• Current Cigarette Smoking:
  • 4.9% of students currently smoked cigarettes (down from 10.2% in 2001).
  • Boys had a higher rate (8.5%) than girls (1.3%).
• Ever Smoked Cigarettes:
  • 14.7% of students had ever smoked cigarettes, even one or two puffs.
  • Early initiation of smoking was more common among girls (47.1%) than boys (14.0%).
• Use of Other Tobacco Products:
  • 14.1% of students used other tobacco products (up from 5.7% in 2001).
  • Boys (20.3%) had significantly higher rates than girls (7.9%).
• Desire to Quit Smoking:
  • 83.0% of current smokers wanted to stop smoking.
  • 88.1% had tried to quit in the past year but failed.
  • 82.2% had received help to quit.
• Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke:
  • 34.1% of students were exposed to SHS at home, and 46.4% in public places.
  • No significant change in SHS exposure between 2001 and 2007.
• Media Exposure:
  • 74.3% of students saw cigarette advertisements on billboards in the past month.
  • 8.6% of students had an object with a cigarette or tobacco logo.
  • There was a significant decline in the percentage of students who saw cigarette advertisements in 2007 compared to 2001.
• Anti-Smoking Education:
  • 86.6% of students saw anti-smoking media messages in 2007.
  • No significant change in the percentage of students who received education on the dangers of tobacco.

GSPS 2007 Results

• Tobacco Use Among School Personnel:
  • 14.2% of school personnel were ever cigarette smokers.
  • 11.5% were ever cheroot smokers.
  • 9.4% had ever used chewing tobacco.
  • Males were more likely to use all forms of tobacco than females.
• School Policies on Tobacco:
  • Over 90% of school personnel believed that schools should have a policy prohibiting tobacco use among students.
  • Only 84.4% believed that schools should have a policy prohibiting tobacco use among school personnel.
  • Only 56.6% of school personnel reported that their schools completely enforced tobacco policies.
• Training on Tobacco Control:
  • Only 33.3% of school personnel had received training to prevent tobacco use among youth.
  • 78.7% reported that tobacco use prevention was included in the school curriculum.
  • 72.8% had access to teaching and learning materials on tobacco.

Key Information

• Tobacco Control Legislation:
  • Myanmar adopted the Control of Smoking and Consumption of Tobacco Products Law in 2006, effective in May 2007.
  • The law prohibits cigarette advertising, but pro-cigarette advertising remains high.
• Surveys Overview:
  • GYTS and GSPS are school-based surveys used to monitor tobacco use among youth and school staff.
  • The surveys are nationally representative and conducted using a two-stage cluster sampling method.
• Demographics:
  • In 2007, 3,118 students participated in the GYTS with a 95.23% response rate.
  • 2,460 school personnel participated in the GSPS with a 90.34% response rate.
• Trends and Concerns:
  • While cigarette smoking among youth declined, the use of other tobacco products (e.g., cheroots, chewing betel with tobacco) increased.
  • Exposure to SHS remains high in both home and public settings.
  • Students still see cigarette advertisements, especially on billboards.
  • School policies on tobacco use are not fully enforced, particularly for school personnel.
  • Training for school personnel on tobacco prevention is insufficient.

Recommendations

• Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs:
  • The National Tobacco Control Programme should address all forms of tobacco use, including smokeless products.
• Strengthening Enforcement:
  • Law enforcement on tobacco control needs to be improved, especially regarding the sale of tobacco to minors and the ban on smoking in public places.
• Enhanced School Policies:
  • Schools should implement and fully enforce tobacco-free policies for both students and staff.
• Training and Awareness Campaigns:
  • School personnel should receive regular and refresher training on tobacco prevention.
  • Youth-focused media campaigns and anti-tobacco programs should be developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education.
• Cross-Border Advertising Regulation:
  • Policy makers should consider cross-border advertising protocols, as students may still be exposed to international publications with tobacco ads.

Conclusion

The GYTS and GSPS 2007 data highlight both progress and challenges in Myanmar’s tobacco control efforts. While youth cigarette smoking has decreased, the use of other tobacco products has increased, and SHS exposure remains high. School policies are in place but not fully enforced. The national tobacco control program must be strengthened to address all forms of tobacco use, improve law enforcement, and enhance training and awareness initiatives.