世界银行-生物多样性与金融：新兴市场银行业物理风险的初步评估（英）-2023.5-29页_1mb

报告摘要

Biodiversity and Finance: Physical Risks for Banking in Emerging Markets

Overview
This report analyzes the exposure of banking systems in 20 emerging markets to physical risks from biodiversity loss, which stems from dependencies on ecosystem services through lending portfolios. It highlights that ecosystem degradation poses significant financial risks, particularly in lower-income countries, and calls for enhanced assessment methods and policy actions.

Key Findings

Exposure Levels: Banks allocate approximately 50% of their credit to firms with high or very high dependence on ecosystem services, varying by country income level.
Income Correlation: Dependency is negatively correlated with income, with lower-income nations showing higher exposure (e.g., Mauritius at 73%, Pakistan at 60%), while higher-income countries have lower exposure (e.g., Chile at 37%).
Sectoral Concentration: Construction and real estate explain over 20% of total dependencies, with high reliance on ecosystem services like groundwater and surface water.
Ecosystem Services: Highest dependencies are on climate regulation and flood/storm protection, emphasizing links between climate change and nature loss.
Data Limitations: The analysis relies on high-level, publicly available data, requiring deeper studies for comprehensive risk assessment.

Methodology

Uses the ENCORE database to link economic sectors and production processes to ecosystem dependencies.
Leverages country-level credit data (2020) from sources like central banks and standard classifications.
Applies two metrics: total credit exposed to specific ecosystem services and aggregate dependency on at least one service, accounting for direct dependencies.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Nature-related physical risks are substantial, necessitating better scenarios, models, and supervisory frameworks.
Policy should focus on nature-positive transformations, reducing negative impacts through incentives, taxes, and restoration efforts.
The study urges further research to address indirect dependencies via supply chains and trade for a fuller risk assessment.

Full Sample of Countries