2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Madagascar_Country_Profile_2013_15页_849kb

Madagascar Country Profile 2013: Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Madagascar Country Profile 2013 is a comprehensive report by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) that evaluates the business environment in Madagascar. It provides insights into various factors that influence firm performance and productivity, including infrastructure, trade, regulations, taxes, corruption, crime, informality, finance, and workforce characteristics. The report compares Madagascar's performance with the average of Sub-Saharan Africa and other low-income countries, highlighting key challenges and opportunities for the private sector.

Main Topics and Key Indicators

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• Top 10 Constraints: The report identifies the main challenges faced by firms in Madagascar, benchmarked against the regional average. These include issues such as corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and delays in obtaining permits and licenses.
• Top 3 Constraints by Firm Size:
  • Small firms face higher informal payments and gift-giving in meetings with tax inspectors.
  • Medium firms experience more challenges in securing government contracts.
  • Large firms encounter significant delays in obtaining construction-related permits.

2. Average Firm

• Age Distribution: The average firm in Madagascar is 17.8 years old. Small firms are younger (13.6 years), while large firms are older (37.1 years).
• Female Participation:
  • 29.5% of firms have a female top manager.
  • Female participation in ownership is not reported (N/A).
• Ownership Composition:
  • 74.9% of firms are sole proprietorships.
  • 10.6% are closed shareholding companies.
  • 6.8% are open shareholding companies.
  • Other forms of ownership are less common.

3. Infrastructure

• Electricity:
  • Average of 6.7 power outages per month.
  • 7.1% of sales are lost due to power outages.
  • Delays in obtaining electrical connections average 24.7 days.
• Water Supply:
  • 0.7 water shortages per month.
  • Average duration of water shortages is 0.6 hours.
  • Delays in obtaining water connections average 59.3 days.
• Telephone:
  • No data available for the average delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection.
• Overall Infrastructure Efficiency: Madagascar's infrastructure is below the regional average in terms of efficiency, with significant delays and losses due to supply issues.

4. Trade

• Export Activity:
  • 21.9% of firms are exporters.
  • Small firms have lower export rates (8.1%) compared to large firms (62.7%).
• Use of Foreign Inputs:
  • 37.1% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
  • Small firms use fewer foreign inputs (9.1%), while medium firms use more (53.4%).
• Customs Delays:
  • Average time to clear direct exports through customs is 9.3 days.
  • Average time to clear imports through customs is 12.4 days.
  • Losses during exports due to theft and breakage are relatively low, averaging 1.1% and 1.3% respectively.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Business Licensing:
  • Delays in obtaining permits and licenses are significant, with construction-related permits taking the longest (45.2 days).
  • Small firms face longer delays (38.6 days) than large firms (8.3 days).
• Regulatory Burden:
  • Senior management spends 19.4% of their time dealing with government regulations.
  • Average number of visits to tax officials is 0.9.
• Legal Forms:
  • Sole proprietorships dominate (74.9%).
  • Open shareholding companies are less common (6.8%).
  • Closed shareholding companies account for 10.6%.
  • Other forms of ownership are rare.

6. Corruption

• Graft Index:
  • 25.3% of firms in Madagascar were asked or expected to pay a bribe.
  • Small firms have the highest rate of informal payments (38.9%).
  • Large firms have the lowest rate (12.5%).
• Gift-Giving:
  • 32.1% of firms expect to give gifts during meetings with tax inspectors.
  • 42.7% of firms expect to give gifts to secure a government contract.
  • 38.9% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain an import license.
  • 47.5% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain an operating license.

7. Crime and Informality

• Court Perceptions:
  • No data available on firms’ perception of the court system being fair.
• Security Costs:
  • Average security costs are 1.7% of sales.
  • Small firms spend more on security (1.8%) than large firms (2.0%).
• Losses Due to Crime:
  • Average losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson are 1.0% of sales.
• Informality:
  • 88.4% of firms are formally registered when they start operations.
  • A significant portion of firms are informal, especially in smaller sizes.

8. Finance

• Investment Financing:
  • 79.4% of firms rely on internal finance.
  • Bank finance accounts for 4.7% of investment.
  • Trade credit financing is used by 6.5% of firms.
  • Equity and sale of stock account for 2.9% of investment.
• Working Capital:
  • 24.6% of firms use external financing for working capital.
  • 134.1% of the loan amount is required as collateral.
• Bank Access:
  • 15.1% of firms have bank loans or lines of credit.
  • 80.0% of firms have checking or savings accounts.

9. Innovation and Workforce

• Quality Certification:
  • 14.3% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• Financial Auditing:
  • 41.7% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by an external auditor.
• Digital Communication:
  • 64.5% of firms use email to communicate with clients and suppliers.
  • 31.3% of firms use their own websites.
• Workforce Composition:
  • Average number of temporary workers is 15.1.
  • Average number of permanent, full-time workers is 64.7.
  • 40.6% of firms employ full-time female workers.

Key Findings

• Corruption and Informality: Madagascar ranks relatively high in terms of informal payments and gift-giving, especially among small and medium firms.
• Infrastructure Challenges: Significant delays and inefficiencies in infrastructure services (electricity, water, and telephone) increase operational costs and hinder productivity.
• Regulatory Burden: Regulations and business licensing are major obstacles, with time spent on compliance being a concern for all firm sizes.
• Financial Access: Limited access to formal financial services is evident, with a high reliance on internal financing and significant collateral requirements.
• Workforce and Innovation: While digital communication is somewhat common, innovation and quality certification are underdeveloped, and the workforce is largely male-dominated.

Conclusion

The report underscores that Madagascar's business environment is constrained by high levels of corruption, inefficient infrastructure, and regulatory hurdles. These factors contribute to increased costs, reduced productivity, and limited access to finance and innovation. Despite some progress in formal financial services, the informal sector remains substantial, affecting the overall competitiveness of the economy. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving the business climate and fostering sustainable economic growth.