2015年-世界发展银行全球_Nepal_Earthquake_Post_Disaster_Needs_Aassessment___Sector_Reports_460页_5mb

Nepal Earthquake Post Disaster Needs Assessment Summary

Core Content

The Nepal Earthquake Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) conducted after the April 25, 2015 earthquake, evaluates the damage, loss and recovery needs across various sectors. It outlines a comprehensive strategy for recovery, emphasizing resilience, equity, and community participation.

Main Sectors Covered

The report covers four main sectors:

• Social Sectors: Housing and Human Settlements, Health and Population, Nutrition, Education, Cultural Heritage
• Productive Sectors: Agriculture, Irrigation, Commerce and Industries, Tourism, Financial Sector
• Infrastructure Sectors: Electricity, Communications, Community Infrastructure, Transport, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
• Cross-Cutting Sectors: Governance, Disaster Risk Reduction, Environment and Forestry, Employment and Livelihoods, Social Protection, Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

Key Information from Social Sectors

1. Housing and Human Settlements

• Summary: The housing and human settlements sector was the most impacted, with a total damage and loss of NPRs 350,379 million.
  • Damage: NPRs 303,631 million
  • Loss: NPRs 46,748 million
• Damage Types:
  • Fully collapsed houses: 498,852
  • Partly damaged houses: 256,697
• Building Typologies:
  • Low-strength masonry: 58%
  • Cement-based masonry: 21%
  • Reinforced concrete frame: 15%
  • Wood and bamboo based: 6%
• Recovery Needs:
  • Total recovery needs: NPRs 327,762 million
  • Includes transitional shelters, permanent housing, repairs, clustering, training, and urban planning.
• Reconstruction Principles:
  • Owner-driven approach with community participation
  • Emphasis on "build back better" and disaster resilience
  • Special assistance for remote, difficult and heritage areas
  • Consideration of vulnerable groups such as women-headed households, senior citizens, and marginalized communities

2. Pre-Disaster Context and Baseline

• Housing Policies:
  • 2007 Interim Constitution emphasizes the state’s responsibility to provide land to the economically weak.
  • 2012 National Shelter Policy ensures the right to safe and adequate housing.
  • 2007 National Urban Policy promotes safe and resilient urban settlements.
  • 2012 National Land Use Policy encourages relocation from hazard-prone areas.
• Land Tenure Systems:
  • State, private, and Guthi (trust-based) land
  • Informal and dual ownership systems exist, especially in rural and urban slums
• Urban Growth:
  • Urbanization rate: 38%
  • Kathmandu has seen a high decadal growth rate of 61%
  • Urban planning and development are key areas of focus for risk reduction

3. Post-Disaster Context

• Building Damage:
  • The majority of damage was caused by unreinforced masonry buildings.
  • Lack of awareness, poor construction practices, and weak enforcement of building codes contributed to the damage.
• Damage Analysis:
  • Based on census data and fragility functions, buildings are categorized into fully collapsed or partially damaged.
  • Low-strength masonry buildings had the highest proportion of fully collapsed (95%) and partially damaged (67.7%).
• Main Types of Damage:
  • Masonry buildings: Parapet and gable wall toppling, delamination, out-of-plane toppling, etc.
  • RC buildings: Soft storey failure, beam-column joint failure, shear/flexure cracks, etc.
• Challenges:
  • Limited technical assessments due to rapid data collection
  • Need for house-to-house assessments to refine recovery needs
  • Lack of maintenance and poor construction practices in rural areas

Recovery Strategy and Principles

• Guiding Principles:

  1. Community participation and empowerment
  2. Holistic habitat development including basic services
  3. Building long-term resilience through improved construction
  4. Support for local economy and marginalized groups
  5. Sustainable and environmentally friendly reconstruction

• Special Considerations:

  • Gender and Social Inclusion:
    • Women-headed households and marginalized groups need targeted support
    • Emphasis on gender equality and land rights
    • Training and capacity building for partially literate women
  • Land Use and Clustering:
    • Relocation and clustering are prioritized in high-risk areas
    • Requires detailed analysis of landslide risks and socio-economic impacts
    • Coordination with local communities is essential

Key Implementation Arrangements

• Human Resources:
  • Master artisans, engineers, and community organizers at VDC and district levels
  • Technical Committee to guide recovery efforts
• Financial Support:
  • Tranches of financial assistance based on compliance with disaster-resistant guidelines
  • Special assistance packages for difficult/remote and heritage areas
• Reconstruction Opportunities:
  • Upgrading living conditions and infrastructure
  • Integration of disaster resilience in urban planning

Conclusion

The PDNA provides a detailed assessment of the impact of the 2015 earthquake on Nepal’s housing and human settlements sector. It outlines a recovery strategy that aims to build back better, ensuring resilience, equity, and community involvement. The report highlights the need for targeted support to vulnerable groups, improved construction practices, and sustainable land use planning.