2012年-世界发展银行全球_Livestock_and_Livelihoods_in_Rural_Tanzania___A_Descriptive_Analysis_of_the_2009_National_Panel_Survey_57页_1mb

Summary of "Livestock and livelihoods in rural Tanzania: A descriptive analysis of the 2009 National Panel Survey"

Core Content

This report provides a detailed descriptive analysis of the 2009 Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS) data, focusing on the role of livestock in rural livelihoods, the distribution of livestock ownership, and the challenges and opportunities for growth in the livestock sector.

Main Questions Addressed

• To what extent is livestock rearing an activity of the relatively better off, and how accessible is it for poorer households?
• How does the role of livestock vary with income and well-being levels?
• How are livestock holding sizes and structures associated with welfare, gender, and geography?
• What is the importance of input and output markets for small livestock keepers?
• What is the practical form of market participation and its extent?
• How do non-income services from livestock, such as manure and draught power, benefit crop production?

Key Findings

Rural Household Livelihoods

• Agricultural Dominance: Agriculture is the backbone of the rural economy, with 70% of rural households' total income coming from agricultural activities (53% from crops, 13% from livestock, and 4% from agricultural wages).
• Self-Employment: Self-employed farming is the mainstay of rural livelihoods, with 53% of households deriving 75% or more of their income from it.
• Non-Agricultural Income: Non-agricultural self-employment contributes significantly to rural income, with 34% of households involved in these activities.
• Income Distribution: The non-agricultural sector contributes 30% of total rural income, including 7% from wages, 13% from self-employment, and 10% from transfers.

Agriculture: A Sector of Smallholder Farmers

• Land Holdings: The average land size is 1.6 hectares, with less than 5% of rural households owning or operating more than five hectares.
• Subsistence Focus: About 67% of agricultural production is consumed by households, with 30% marketed and the rest used as inputs or allocated to other uses.
• Input Use: Use of modern agricultural inputs is limited, with only 30% using fertilizers and 15% purchasing pesticides. Improved seed varieties are used by just 14% and 12% of households.

Livestock Ownership and Distribution

• Participation and Income: About 60% of rural households report some income from livestock, contributing an average of 22% to total household income.
• Ownership Patterns:
  • The poorest quintile has 49% participation and livestock contributes 18% to their income.
  • The top quintile has 69% participation and livestock contributes 24% to their income.
• Livestock Composition:
  • Cattle dominate livestock ownership (82% of total ownership), but are owned by only about one third of households.
  • Poultry is nearly universal, and constitutes the bulk of livestock holdings for the average rural household.
  • Poorer households tend to own smaller livestock, with a stronger positive relationship with wealth for cattle ownership.

Livestock Market Participation and Services

• Market Orientation: Only 10% of farm-specialized households are market-oriented, with 37% of total agricultural production marketed.
• Livestock Sales: Despite limited share in total agricultural sales, livestock is more market-oriented, with about half of all livestock production sold.
• Vaccination and Disease: Vaccination rates are low (29%), with poorer households having lower rates than wealthier ones. Urban households are more likely to vaccinate livestock than rural ones, and female-headed households report lower vaccination rates.

Livestock and Gender

• Participation Differences: Male-headed households are more likely to participate in livestock activities (65% vs. 51% for female-headed).
• Herd Size and Composition: Female-headed households manage smaller herds, especially in terms of cattle. However, their participation in livestock output markets is comparable to or greater than that of other households.
• Input Use: Female-headed households are less likely to use key inputs such as labor, fodder, and vaccinations, but this may be due to differences in herd structure rather than discrimination.

Livestock Consumption and Demand

• Contribution to Expenditure: Livestock products contribute 13% to total household expenditures and over one fifth to total food consumption.
• Urban vs. Rural Consumption: Urban households consume twice as much livestock products as rural households, with meat, poultry, and dairy consumption being particularly higher in urban areas.
• Demand Trends: As incomes rise, demand for livestock products is expected to increase, with a shift towards meat and dairy products. Poultry will remain important, but other products are likely to gain prominence.

Constraints and Opportunities

• Constraints: Limited input use, low vaccination rates, and high disease prevalence are major constraints to livestock productivity and growth.
• Opportunities: The livestock sector has significant potential for expansion, especially with rising incomes and increasing domestic demand. Female-headed households may benefit from this growth due to their comparable market participation.

Conclusion

The report highlights the importance of livestock in rural livelihoods, the concentration of livestock ownership among wealthier households, and the challenges faced by smallholders in accessing inputs and services. It underscores the need for targeted policies to address these constraints and improve access to productive assets, especially for poorer and female-headed households. The NPS data provides a valuable foundation for further analysis and policy development in the livestock sector.

Key Data Sources and Methodology

• Survey: Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS) conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) from October 2008 to October 2009.
• Supporting Organizations: World Bank's LSMS-ISA project, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Kingdom of Denmark, UNICEF, and UNFPA.
• Sample Size: Final sample of 3,265 households (1,202 urban, 2,063 rural), with 2,055 rural and 1,200 urban households analyzed for complete data.
• Methodology: Includes analysis of income patterns, land holdings, livestock ownership, input use, market participation, and gender differences.

Future Outlook

Future data rounds from the NBS will provide further opportunities for in-depth analysis of the livestock-livelihoods nexus in rural Tanzania, enabling more nuanced understanding and policy development.