2013年-世界发展银行全球_Estimating_the_Association_Between_Womens_Earnings_and_Partner_Violence___Evidence_from_the_2008-2009_Tanzania_National_Panel_Survey_31页_1mb

Summary of "Estimating the Association Between Women's Earnings and Partner Violence: Evidence from the 2008-2009 Tanzania National Panel Survey"

Core Content

This study investigates the relationship between partner violence and women's labor market outcomes in Tanzania, using data from the 2008-2009 Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS). The main objective is to estimate the difference in weekly earnings between women who have experienced partner violence and those who have not, and to calculate the economic cost of partner violence as a share of Tanzania's GDP.

Main Findings

• Partner violence is widespread in Tanzania, with 43.6% of ever-married women aged 15-49 having experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence at some point in their lives, and 36.8% in the past 12 months.
• Abused women earn less than non-abused women:
  • Women in formal waged work experience the greatest loss of earnings compared to those in non-agricultural self-employment.
  • Women in urban areas earn less than those in rural areas due to partner violence.
• Estimated productivity loss from partner violence is 1.2% of Tanzania's GDP. This figure is likely an underestimate, as the survey did not collect data on agricultural self-employment, which is the largest employment sector for women in Tanzania.
• Earnings differences:
  • Abused women earn 35% less than non-abused women in non-agricultural self-employment.
  • Abused women earn 43% less than non-abused women in formal waged work.
• Partner violence also limits women's ability to enter employment, though the evidence is mixed across different settings (e.g., Chile and Nicaragua). In both cases, abused women earn significantly less than non-abused women, even when they are employed.
• The economic cost of partner violence is significant, with estimates suggesting that in Chile, the lost earnings amounted to over US$1.56 billion, and in Nicaragua, US$30 million.

Key Information

• Tanzania's development context:

  • It is the largest country in the East African Community, with a population of 46.2 million.
  • 73% of the population live in rural areas, and 50% are women.
  • The GDP growth rate has been between 4.9% and 6.4% since 2000.
  • Agriculture remains the largest employment sector, accounting for over 75% of current employment, though its contribution to GDP has declined to 28%.
  • Gender inequality is high, with Tanzania ranking 119th out of 148 countries on the Gender Inequality Index.

• Women's economic role:

  • 89% of women are economically active.
  • 79% of economically active women work in agriculture, while 70% of men do the same.
  • Women's land ownership is limited, with less than one-fifth of land owned by women, and their land holdings are less than half of men's.
  • Women are more likely to produce food crops for household consumption, while cash crops are primarily produced by men.

• Legal and cultural context:

  • Partner violence is illegal under the 1971 Law of Marriage Act and the 1998 Sexual Offenses Special Provisions Act (SOSPA).
  • However, marital rape is not explicitly criminalized, and cohabiting women are not protected under the law.
  • Cultural norms often justify violence against women, with 53.5% of women believing that wife-beating is acceptable in certain situations.

• Data collection methods:

  • The Tanzania NPS is a multi-stage cluster sample survey.
  • It collects data on household, agricultural, and community levels.
  • The violence against women module asks about various forms of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
  • Earnings are estimated based on last payment received and net income from self-employment, adjusted for time periods (weekly, monthly, etc.).

• Analysis methods:

  • Propensity score matching (PSM) is used to estimate the difference in earnings between abused and non-abused women.
  • This method helps control for confounding variables and estimates an unbiased difference in earnings.
  • Other methods, such as Heckman's selection models and instrumental variable regression, have been used in similar studies in other countries, but were not applicable here due to the lack of a suitable instrumental variable.

Conclusion

Partner violence significantly impacts women's economic outcomes in Tanzania, with abused women earning less in both formal and non-agricultural sectors. The estimated economic loss from partner violence is 1.2% of GDP, and this could be much higher if agricultural self-employment data were included. The study underscores the need for greater attention to the economic costs of gender-based violence and highlights the importance of addressing gender inequality and supporting women's economic empowerment.