世界经济论坛-印度近零排放燃料和材料的表面处理供应（英）-2023.7-40页_2mb

Surfacing Supply of Near-Zero Emission Fuels and Materials in India

Executive Summary
India's steel, cement and aviation industries together contribute nearly 20% of the country's emissions. Without decarbonization efforts, steel CO2 emissions could triple to 800 Mt/yr by 2050, cement emissions double to 440 Mt/yr by 2040, and aviation emissions may triple by 2040. The First Movers Coalition (FMC) convened a workshop in India to identify barriers and opportunities for scaling near-zero emission technologies, focusing on steel, cement and aviation.

Key Insights

• Steel Sector:

  • Major barriers: Uncertain availability of critical upstream technologies (renewable energy, green hydrogen, CCUS), cost-effectiveness of traditional BF-BOF processes, green premium reluctance, and high cost of capital.
  • FMC goal: At least 10% near-zero emission steel purchases (CO2e < 0.1-0.4 t/tonne) by 2030.
  • Priorities: Collaboration, demand creation, MSME financing, pilot projects, policy measures (cap table), financial sector action, and clear definitions.

• Cement Sector:

  • Key challenges: Uncertain supply of CCUS and non-fossil SCM alternatives (calcined clay, calcite-based materials), building code inertia, and high capital costs.
  • FMC target: Near-zero emission cement (< 184 kg CO2e/tonne) by developing DRI-EAF or CCUS technologies.
  • Recommendations: Cost-effective abatement options, demonstration projects, green finance criteria, public procurement.

• Aviation Sector:

  • High costs (up to 2x jet fuel prices) and fragmented feedstock supply hinder SAF85 adoption in India. Green hydrogen is required for SAF production.
  • FMC Mandate: 5% SAF85 blending in jet fuel by 2030 (delivered via national blending programs).
  • Priorities: Domestic SAF mandate, feedstock policy, tax rationalization, co-benefits alignment, book and claim standards.

Financial Measures
Five key barriers: Traditional finance insufficiency, high green premium, MSME debt challenges, lack of carbon pricing, and investor confidence deficits.

• Blended Finance: Collaboration among public, private and philanthropic actors.
• Third-Party Instruments: Sustainability-linked bonds, green bonds.
• Risk-sharing mechanisms needed (e.g., loan guarantees, insurance).

Policy Recommendations

1. Invest in Upstream Technologies: Clusters and clear regulatory pathways for green hydrogen (NHM linkages), CCUS, and renewables.
2. Carbon Pricing: Include near-zero solutions in national Carbon Market (ICM); revenue recycling.
3. Ease Low-Carbon Costs: PLI schemes extended to green materials; tax incentives.
4. Pilot Projects: Prioritize infrastructure for GFT/SRM/CCUS.
5. Public Procurement Mandates: Government-driven demand for low-carbon materials.
6. Streamlined Regulation: Define green products, single-window clearances, environmental performance-based permitting.

Conclusion
Decarbonizing India's hard-to-abate industries requires urgent policy support and blended financing to overcome green premium risks and technical challenges. Financial innovation and buyer/supplier collaboration will be critical to accelerate market deployment.