生活与消防安全：酒店（英文版）_46页

Summary of IFC Life and Fire Safety Good Practice Note: Hotels

Core Content

This Good Practice Note (GPN) provides technical guidance for IFC investment projects in both new and existing hotel occupancies. It outlines the key life and fire safety (LFS) design principles, components, and implementation strategies that should be considered to ensure occupant safety and effective fire management. The GPN is not a compliance guide but serves as a reference for developing a life and fire safety concept in hotel projects.

Main Objectives

The primary life and fire safety objectives for hotel buildings are:

• Safe evacuation of occupants
• Limit fire and smoke spread to one fire compartment
• Enable safe intervention for the fire brigade

These objectives can only be achieved through the implementation of technical and operational measures.

Key Components and Practices

1. Structural Fire Resistance

• Goals: Ensure safe evacuation and allow sufficient time for fire brigades to intervene and control the fire.
• Requirements:
  • Building structures should be non-combustible.
  • Structural fire resistance time recommendations:
    • Single-story: 30 minutes
    • Buildings < 25m: 60 minutes
    • Buildings > 25m: 120 minutes
  • Materials: Reinforced concrete for columns and beams; metal elements should be protected with intumescent coatings or insulation (e.g., gypsum casings).
• Maintenance:
  • Concrete elements require no specific maintenance.
  • Coatings and casings need regular visual inspection and reapplication as per instructions.
  • Annual checks for fire doors, dampers, and smoke dampers are required.

2. Fire Compartmentation

• Goals: Confine fire and smoke to a limited area to ensure life safety, property protection, and continuity of operations.
• Recommendations:
  • Every floor and occupancy type should form a single fire compartment.
  • High-risk areas (e.g., kitchens, parking garages) should be in separate fire compartments.
  • Vertical openings (stairs, elevators) should be fire rated.
• Construction:
  • Walls and doors must be fire rated and certified.
  • Openings in fire compartments must be sealed with fire-rated materials.
• Management of Change: A formal program is needed to identify and manage any modifications that may affect fire compartment integrity.

3. Interior Finish Materials

• Goals: Prevent rapid fire spread and ensure safe evacuation routes.
• Recommendations:
  • Exit enclosures should be made of non-combustible materials (e.g., concrete, gypsum, metal).
  • Corridors and lobbies should use non-combustible or hard-to-ignite materials.
  • Sprinklers can reduce the strictness of interior finish requirements, but combustible materials (e.g., low-density fibreboards, plastic-based insulation) should be avoided.
• Maintenance: No specific maintenance is required, but a management of change program is essential to track material usage.

4. Furnishings, Mattresses, and Decoration

• Goals: Reduce fire hazards and improve life safety.
• Recommendations:
  • Avoid upholstered furniture in guest rooms.
  • Use certified fire-resistant furnishings and mattresses.
  • Mattresses should pass smouldering cigarette tests.
  • Use fire-retardant materials for curtains and other decorative elements.
• Maintenance: A management of change program is required to track material usage during modifications.

5. Fire Detection Systems

• Goals: Enable early detection of fire, allowing for timely evacuation and intervention.
• Components:
  • Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)
  • Fire Detectors
  • Manual Alarm Callpoints (MACs)
  • Input/Output Modules
• Installation:
  • Systems should be approved by national standards or accredited bodies.
  • A cause and effect matrix should be developed during design to define system responses.
  • Alarm signals should be distinct, loud, and intelligible for all occupants, including the hearing-impaired.
• Sound Level Requirements:
  • Guest rooms: At least 75 dBA or 15 dBA above ambient noise.
  • Other areas: At least 65 dBA or 15 dBA above ambient noise.
  • Maximum sound level: 110 dBA.
• Maintenance:
  • Annual maintenance by a certified company.
  • System testing to ensure sound levels are met.
  • Verification of system performance during layout or function changes.

6. Fire Alarm Systems

• Goals: Ensure timely and orderly evacuation.
• Installation:
  • Alarm sounders should be strategically placed.
  • Voice evacuation systems are preferred in public areas.
  • Visible notification signals are an additional option in high-noise areas.
  • Vibrating pillows and flashing lights are recommended for hearing-impaired occupants.
• System Design:
  • Alarm zones should be defined to allow phased evacuation.
  • Fire compartments should not be subdivided into different alarm zones.
  • The system must remain operational during fire conditions, using fire-rated cabling.

7. Means of Egress

• Goals: Ensure safe and quick evacuation.
• Key Requirements:
  • Maximum evacuation distances should be limited.
  • Exit capacity should be sufficient for all occupants.
  • Independent exits must be available in case of fire blockage.
  • Exit routes should be well-illuminated, unobstructed, and fire-rated.
• Design Guidelines:
  • At least two independent exits should be accessible from every area.
  • Common paths should be minimized, and maximum lengths are detailed in Annex A.
  • Exits should be remote from each other (distance ≥ 50% of the diagonal length of the area).

Documentation and Approval

• Fire Safety Master Plan: A comprehensive plan for fire safety.
• Fire Safety Design Documentation: Detailed technical documentation.
• Fire Prevention Program: Strategies to prevent fire incidents.
• Management of Change Program: Ensures fire safety is maintained during modifications.
• Emergency Response Plans: Procedures for fire intervention.
• Maintenance Plan and Contract: For all fire protection systems.
• Test Plans: For fire detection and suppression systems.
• Incident Reporting Documents: For recording and analyzing fire incidents.

Conclusion

This GPN emphasizes the importance of passive fire protection, effective fire detection and alarm systems, and well-organized means of egress in hotel buildings. It also highlights the need for regular maintenance, certification of materials and systems, and a management of change program to ensure ongoing compliance and safety. The document is intended to guide IFC investment teams in developing a robust life and fire safety concept for hotel projects, based on technical and operational best practices.