生活与消防安全：医院（英文版）_48页-0mb

Summary of IFC Life and Fire Safety Good Practice Note: Hospitals

Core Content

This Good Practice Note (GPN) provides technical guidance on life and fire safety (LFS) for hospitals and other healthcare occupancies. It is intended to support IFC's investment decisions and serve as a reference for project teams in designing and implementing fire safety measures. The GPN is based on the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and emphasizes the importance of a "defend-in-place" strategy, which aims to protect patients without requiring them to evacuate during a fire.

Main Objectives

The following are the core life and fire safety objectives for healthcare occupancies:

• Defend-in-place strategy followed by safe evacuation of patients
• Limit fire and smoke spread to the room of origin
• Safe intervention for fire brigades

These objectives can only be achieved through the implementation of both technical and operational fire safety measures.

Key Components of Life and Fire Safety

1. Defend-in-place Strategy

• A comprehensive approach that includes all fire protection systems.
• Ensures that patients can be protected in place or moved to safe refuge areas within the building.
• Requires integration of structural fire resistance, compartmentation, detection, and suppression systems.

2. Structural Fire Resistance

• Goal: Building structure must withstand fire in the room of origin.
• Requirements:
  • Non-combustible materials should be used.
  • Single-story buildings: 60 minutes of structural resistance.
  • Multi-story buildings: 120 minutes of structural resistance.
• Materials:
  • Reinforced concrete for columns and beams.
  • Metal elements with intumescent coatings or insulation (e.g., gypsum casings).
• Maintenance:
  • Concrete elements require no specific maintenance.
  • Coatings and casings need regular visual inspection and reapplication.

3. Fire Compartmentation

• Goal: Confine fire and smoke to a limited area.
• Recommendations:
  • Every floor should be a single fire compartment.
  • Occupancy types and function areas should be in separate compartments.
  • High-risk areas (e.g., laboratories, kitchens) should be in separate compartments.
  • Vertical openings (stairs, elevators) should be protected with fire-rated walls and doors.
  • Fire resistance of at least 1 hour for barriers in patient room areas.
• Maintenance:
  • Annual inspection of fire doors, dampers, and smoke dampers.
  • A "Management of Change" program is essential to maintain compartment integrity.

4. Interior Finish Materials

• Goal: Minimize fire spread and reduce hazards.
• Recommendations:
  • Use non-combustible or difficult-to-ignite materials (e.g., concrete, gypsum, metal).
  • Avoid low density fibreboard, wood-based panels, and plastic-based insulation.
  • Sprinkler systems can reduce requirements, but some materials are never allowed even with sprinklers.

5. Furnishings, Mattresses, and Decoration

• Goal: Reduce fire hazard and improve life safety.
• Recommendations:
  • Avoid upholstered furniture and use certified fire-resistant materials.
  • Mattresses should resist smouldering (e.g., cigarette tests).
  • Use fire-retardant curtains and materials that do not create toxic smoke or droplets.

6. Fire Detection Systems

• Goal: Detect fire at an early stage to ensure timely response.
• Components:
  • Fire alarm control panel (FACP)
  • Fire detectors
  • Manual alarm callpoints (MACs)
  • Input/output modules
• Installation:
  • Systems should be certified and approved by national standards or accredited bodies.
  • A "cause and effect matrix" should be developed to define actions upon detection.
  • FACP should be located in a continuously staffed area.
  • Automatic transmission of fire alarms to the fire department is recommended.

7. Fire Alarm Systems

• Goal: Ensure timely and orderly evacuation.
• Installation:
  • Alarm sounders should be strategically placed for clarity and loudness.
  • Sound levels should be:
    • At least 65 dBA or 15 dBA above ambient noise in non-critical areas.
    • Visible notification in critical care areas.
  • Voice evacuation systems are preferred in patient areas.
• Maintenance:
  • Annual testing and maintenance by certified companies.
  • Verification of sound levels during change projects.

8. Means of Egress

• Goal: Provide safe and accessible routes for evacuation or temporary refuge.
• Requirements:
  • Evacuation distances should be limited to avoid exposure to smoke and heat.
  • Exit paths must be wide enough to accommodate all occupants.
  • At least two independent exits should be available from any area.
  • Dead-end corridors should be minimized.
• Design:
  • Exit discharge should be directly to a public way.
  • Maximum 50% of exit capacity can discharge through a lobby.
  • Additional exits should be provided for at least half of the occupant load.
  • Safe refuge areas should be accessible via fire service elevators.

Key Documentation and Approvals

• Fire Safety Master Plan and Design Documentation should be developed.
• Fire Prevention Program and Management of Change Program are essential.
• Emergency Response Plans must be in place.
• Maintenance Plan and Contract for all fire protection systems.
• Test Plans for all systems.
• Incident Reporting Documents should be maintained.
• Documentation and Approval Flow is detailed in Annex D.

Conclusion

This GPN emphasizes the importance of a holistic and proactive approach to life and fire safety in healthcare occupancies. It outlines specific design, installation, and maintenance requirements to ensure the safety of patients and staff, and recommends the use of certified and fire-resistant materials and systems. The "defend-in-place" strategy is central to the approach, and the integration of passive and active fire safety measures is essential. A well-managed "Management of Change" program and regular maintenance of all fire safety components are also critical to achieving and maintaining LFS standards.