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U.S.-Canada Energy Relationship Summary

Core Content

The U.S.-Canada energy relationship is one of the most significant bilateral energy partnerships globally, with energy commodity trade valued at $95 billion in 2017. This relationship extends beyond mere trade, encompassing shared economic, security, and environmental priorities. The CSIS Energy and National Security Program, in collaboration with the Embassy of Canada in the United States, created a detailed map to visualize this relationship and its complexities.

Key Points

• Trade Value and Balance:

  • In 2017, Canada had a significant energy trade surplus with the U.S., exporting $75.62 billion in energy commodities, compared to $19.64 billion in U.S. exports to Canada.
  • The overall goods and services trade surplus between the U.S. and Canada was $8.4 billion, but energy trade alone reveals a more complex picture due to price fluctuations, especially in oil.

• Trade Intensity and Reliance:

  • The trade-to-GDP ratio is used to measure the intensity of energy trade for each state and province.
  • States and provinces with smaller economies, such as Montana and New Brunswick, show higher reliance on energy trade relative to GDP.
  • Larger economies like New York, despite high trade values, rank lower due to their GDP size.

• Commodity Breakdown:

  • Crude oil and refined petroleum products constitute the majority of the $95 billion trade.
  • Crude oil makes up 68% of U.S. energy imports from Canada, primarily going to Gulf Coast and Midwest refineries.
  • U.S. exports to Canada are mainly refined petroleum products, while Canadian exports are largely finished transportation fuels.
  • Natural gas, uranium, coal, and fuel ethanol also play a role, though to a lesser extent.

• Cross-Border Pipelines:

  • Major pipelines like the Keystone XL and Line 3 are critical for transporting oil and gas between the two countries.
  • Pipeline construction and expansion have faced political and environmental challenges, especially in the U.S.
  • Delays have led to increased rail transport of Canadian oil to the U.S., particularly to the Gulf Coast.
  • Pipeline data includes maximum capacity and direction of flow, showing the infrastructure's role in trade dynamics.

• Electricity Trade:

  • Electricity trade in 2017 totaled 82 terawatt hours, equivalent to the total electricity generation of Belgium.
  • Key transmission points include British Columbia and Washington, which export electricity to Canada, and Quebec, which exports to the U.S. Northeast.
  • Integration of power grids has improved reliability, reduced costs, and lowered emissions.
  • Projects like the Montana-Alberta Tie Line and the New England Clean Energy Connect aim to enhance cross-border electricity trade.

• Future Outlook:

  • The energy landscape is evolving, with U.S. oil production increasing and reshaping trade balances.
  • Energy consumption patterns are changing due to policy, regulation, and cost declines in power generation and transportation.
  • Continued integration of energy markets is necessary to address new technologies and regional energy needs.

Conclusion

The U.S.-Canada energy relationship is a vital component of North American energy security and economic cooperation. While the map provides a comprehensive overview of trade values, volumes, and infrastructure, it underscores the need for ongoing modernization of trade agreements and collaborative efforts to ensure the sustainability and resilience of the energy partnership in the face of future challenges.