2015-12-31-世界卫生组织-2016_GATS_Executive_Summary_Ethiopia_10页_872kb

Ethiopia Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2016 Executive Summary

Core Content

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2016 in Ethiopia was the first national household survey focused on tobacco use and control. It aimed to monitor adult tobacco use, track key tobacco control indicators, and support the development and implementation of effective tobacco control policies in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The survey was conducted by the Ethiopia Public Health Institute (EPHI) in collaboration with FMHACA, CSA, FMOH, and the World Health Organization (WHO) country office, with technical assistance from the CDC and RTI International.

Main Objectives

• To collect nationally representative data on tobacco use among adults aged 15 years and older.
• To evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco control interventions.
• To support policy development and implementation aligned with the WHO MPOWER strategy, which includes six key measures:
  • Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
  • Protect people from tobacco smoke
  • Offer help to quit tobacco use
  • Warn about the dangers of tobacco
  • Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
  • Raise taxes on tobacco

Key Findings

Tobacco Use

• 5.0% of adults (3.4 million) currently use tobacco products (8.1% among men, 1.8% among women).
• 3.7% of adults (2.5 million) currently smoke tobacco (6.2% among men, 1.2% among women).
• 3.2% smoke daily (5.2% among men, 1.1% among women).
• 0.5% smoke occasionally (0.9% among men, 0.1% among women).
• 46.9% of daily smokers smoked their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking.
• 50.0% of male daily smokers aged 20–34 started smoking before the age of 20.

Smokeless Tobacco Use

• 1.7% of adults (1.1 million) currently use smokeless tobacco (2.6% among men, 0.8% among women).
• 1.5% use it daily, and 0.2% use it occasionally.

Smoking Cessation

• 42.0% of current smokers attempted to quit in the past 12 months.
• 75.9% of those who attempted to quit did so without assistance.
• 56.0% of smokers who visited a healthcare provider were asked if they smoked.
• 53.0% were advised to quit smoking.
• 45.2% of current smokers were planning to or thinking about quitting.
• 12.9% were ready to quit within the next month.
• 23.3% thought about quitting due to health warnings on cigarette packages.

Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

• 29.3% of adults working indoors or both indoors and outdoors were exposed to secondhand smoke at work (27.1% of non-smokers).
• 12.6% of adults were exposed to secondhand smoke at home (9.9% of non-smokers).
• 60.4% of adults in bars and nightclubs were exposed.
• 31.1% in restaurants, 19.7% in government buildings, 11.4% in public transportation, and 7.0% in healthcare facilities.

Economics of Tobacco

• The most popular manufactured cigarette brand is Nyala (87.2% overall, 92.0% in rural areas, 78.2% in urban areas).
• Median monthly expenditure on manufactured cigarettes is ETB 150.1.
• Median cost per pack of 20 manufactured cigarettes is ETB 18.4.
• The average cost of 2000 cigarettes (100 packs) is 11.3% of per capita GDP.

Media and Awareness

• 25.0% of adults noticed anti-smoking information in any location.
• 20.3% of adults noticed such information on television or radio.
• 41.8% of current smokers noticed health warnings on cigarette packages.
• 4.5% of adults noticed cigarette advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in the past 30 days (10.2% among smokers, 4.3% among non-smokers).
• 1.3% of adults noticed sale prices on cigarettes (5.3% among current smokers).

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions

• 88.0% of adults believe smoking causes serious illness.
• 81.8% believe it causes lung cancer, 69.5% believe it causes heart attack, 39.8% believe it causes stroke, 37.9% believe it causes bone loss, 34.0% believe it causes bladder cancer, and 32.6% believe it causes premature birth.
• 76.0% of adults believe that breathing secondhand smoke causes serious illness in non-smokers.
• Only 4.0% of adults have heard of electronic cigarettes, and 0.2% have used them.

Recommendations and Implications

• Despite relatively low tobacco use rates, Ethiopia is at risk of a tobacco epidemic due to the industry's focus on low- and middle-income countries.
• Periodic monitoring of tobacco use and control interventions is essential.
• Comprehensive smoke-free policies should be enforced to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, especially in public places.
• Enhancing health warning messages on cigarette packages may encourage quitting and prevent initiation.
• Enforcement of bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship is needed, particularly addressing point of sale displays.
• Increasing tobacco taxes is recommended to reduce use and prevent initiation among youth, as per WHO guidelines.

Conclusion

The GATS 2016 provided critical data on tobacco use and control in Ethiopia, supporting evidence-based policy development. It emphasized the need for continued surveillance, intervention evaluation, and enforcement of tobacco control measures to reduce the burden of tobacco-related diseases and deaths. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening existing policies and increasing awareness to combat the growing threat of tobacco use in the country.