2024-11-24-IEA-关键矿物的回收利用-扩大回收和城市采矿的战略（英）_163页_7mb

Recycling of Critical Minerals: Report Summary

Key Takeaways

1. Recycling is essential for sustainable mineral supply chains, especially for critical minerals like copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements needed for clean energy technologies.
2. Recycling mitigates environmental and social harms associated with mining, reduces reliance on new mines, and enhances supply security for importing countries.
3. Scaling up recycling can significantly reduce primary supply requirements and meet future demand in climate scenarios like the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) and Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE).

Major Findings

1. Recycling rates vary by mineral:

   • Copper has historically high recycling rates (~33% in 2023), while lithium, nickel, and cobalt rates are growing rapidly.
   • Battery metals (lithium, nickel, cobalt) recycling rates increased significantly after 2020, reaching over 40% and 70% by 2023.

2. Infrastructure development:

   • China dominates battery recycling capacity, accounting for ~80% of global pretreatment capacity by 2030.
   • Europe and the US are expanding capacity but face logistical challenges.

3. Economic and policy barriers:

   • Feedstock availability, price volatility, and regulatory uncertainty hinder scaling up.
   • Cross-border waste trade lacks harmonized regulations.

4. Environmental benefits:

   • Recycling typically reduces GHG emissions by 80% compared to primary mineral production.

5. Cross-cutting issues:

   • Battery technology evolution (e.g., LFP with lower material value) affects recycling economics.
   • Mine waste holds untapped potential for mineral recovery.

Policy Recommendations

1. Long-term roadmaps with clear targets and intermediate milestones.
2. Harmonize international waste trade to minimize leakages and unmanaged waste.
3. Strengthen domestic infrastructure with financial incentives and regulations.
4. Improve traceability and standards to build trust in recycled materials.
5. Provide financial support for technology innovation and workforce training.
6. Tackle data gaps for effective policy-making.
7. Adopt holistic circular economy approaches beyond recycling.
8. Tackle ESG issues for recyclers to ensure sustainable operations.

Data Highlights

• Recycling rates for lithium: from ~20% in 2023 to ~30% in 2050.
• Battery recycling growth: 50% capacity increase year-over-year in 2023.
• GHG reduction in recycling: ~90% for aluminum, ~80% for lithium, nickel, cobalt.

Annex

• Detailed list of policies from ~30 countries (e.g., China, EU, US) categorized by jurisdiction and typology.
• Comprehensive abbreviations and acronyms used throughout the report.

For detailed data and methodology, refer to the full report by the IEA.