电池储能系统报告2024（英）_91页_4mb

Summary of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Report

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the role, functions, and risks associated with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in the U.S. energy grid, with a focus on supply chain vulnerabilities, especially related to the influence of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It outlines the strategic framework for assessing and mitigating supply chain risks, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that combines short-term operational security with long-term supply chain development.

Main Points and Key Information

1. Introduction

• The U.S. is modernizing its energy infrastructure through initiatives like the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.
• A critical challenge is the limited domestic sourcing of digital assets for clean energy systems.
• BESS are essential for delivering fast ramping, emergency discharge, and grid support.
• The U.S. has seen significant growth in energy storage capacity, with a 10-fold increase from 2018 to 2020.
• Despite progress in manufacturing raw materials, the U.S. lags in control and power electronics, which are largely sourced from the PRC.

2. Methodology

• A systemic analysis from macro to micro levels is used to evaluate the functions and risks of BESS.
• The report employs a consequence-driven approach to assess the impact of supply chain decisions on national security and grid operations.
• It integrates cyber-informed engineering and data-driven tools to prioritize risks and optimize supply chain investments.

3. Use Cases, Penetration, and Functions of Grid Scale BESS

• BESS provide critical grid services such as frequency and voltage regulation, energy arbitrage, ramping/spinning reserve, load following, peak shaving, congestion relief, renewable smoothing, infrastructure deferral, demand charge reduction, and backup power.
• These functions are vital for grid stability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy sources.
• The U.S. is projected to have 200 GW of total storage capacity by 2050, with 175 GW from batteries and 25 GW from pumped hydropower.
• Stationary storage is expected to reach 1,000 GWh by 2030, driven by both EVs and grid-scale applications.

4. Interconnection Timelines

• Interconnection to the grid involves detailed studies to ensure reliability and benefit.
• The process can take up to 50 months from request to agreement, with construction taking over 3 years.
• Supply chain variations during this period have impacted the bankability of projects.
• As of the end of 2023, there are approximately 1,030 GW of storage in interconnection queues, sufficient to power all U.S. customers for one hour.

5. Regional Performance

• California: BESS are critical in meeting clean energy goals and supporting emergency operations. CAISO has 5,000 MW of active battery capacity as of May 2023, with 2,200 MW from standalone projects and 2,000 MW from co-located projects. Hybrid resources contribute an additional 700 MW.
• Hawaii: BESS are essential due to the high reliance on renewable energy and limited grid infrastructure.
• Texas: BESS support grid reliability and have shown significant performance in emergency discharge scenarios, with 1 GW of ramping capacity demonstrated in February 2024.

6. Operational Issues and Events

• Moss Landing: A notable BESS site that has faced performance and configuration issues.
• WECC Heat Event: Highlighted the importance of BESS in managing grid stress during extreme weather conditions.
• Failure Data: The report includes failure statistics and root cause analyses, showing that BESS failures can have cascading effects on grid operations.

7. Technical Architecture and Components

• BESS components include Battery Management Systems (BMS), Inverters, Power Conversion Systems (PCS), Grid Transformers, Sensors and Monitoring, Site Control and EMS, Communications and Cloud, DERMS, and HMI.
• These components work together to ensure grid integration, control, and monitoring.

8. Supply Chain Analysis

• The U.S. is working to develop its supply chain for BESS components, but 90% of inverters are currently sourced from the PRC.
• Lithium-ion battery manufacturing is increasing in the U.S., but import dependence remains high.
• The report includes supply chain linkages and assessments of component criticality to cybersecurity and physical risks.

9. Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attack Exposure

• BESS are vulnerable to digital and communication threats, including cyber-attacks, denial of service (DOS), and foreign ownership, control, or influence (FOCI).
• The Purdue model is used to assess risk levels, and cyber-informed engineering (CIE) is recommended for mitigating these risks.

10. Mitigation Planning

• The U.S. is investing in semiconductors through the CHIPS Act and other manufacturing programs to build a more secure supply chain.
• Rip-and-Replace initiatives and ban lists are discussed as potential short-term solutions, though they have limitations.
• Policy, technical, and organizational approaches are necessary to address the current push and pull between energy transition and cybersecurity.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the strategic importance of BESS in the U.S. energy transition and the need to address both operational and cybersecurity risks. It recommends a combination of short-term operational security measures and long-term supply chain development to ensure the resilience and reliability of the U.S. energy grid. The integration of cyber-informed engineering and data-driven risk assessments is critical for informed decision-making and risk mitigation.