【联合国贸易发展委员会】推动贸易：为太阳能和风能价值链微调贸易政策-2024_30页_6mb

Key Challenges and Opportunities in Solar and Wind Energy Trade
The global trade in solar and wind energy technologies is expanding rapidly but still faces high barriers, particularly in developing countries. Although renewable energy costs have decreased significantly, affordability remains an issue due to high tariffs (e.g., 7.1% in Africa) and non-tariff measures (e.g., 0.4-0.7% additional costs). Trade patterns often see developing countries exporting raw materials while importing finished goods, limiting industrialization and energy access.

Market Trends and Value Chains
Solar and wind energy consumption grew exponentially between 2010 and 2022, with solar surpassing wind in installation capacity by 2021. Production involves complex value chains with multiple opportunities for integration at assembly stages in developing countries, but marked trade concentration by a few developed nations (e.g., China, Germany). Trade in intermediates is dominated by developed countries, creating challenges for developing economies entering assembly.

Trade Policies and Barriers
Developing countries face significant trade costs across the value chain, particularly for intermediates, which hinders their participation in value-added activities. Africa has the highest tariffs, while Latin America and the Caribbean show promise for regional integration. Trade remedy measures (anti-dumping, countervailing) increase costs and risk, especially for Asian exporters.

Regional Disparities
Trade integration for green energy varies by region. Africa applies higher tariffs than Asia and Oceania, while Latin America exhibits low intra-regional trade costs. Asia and Oceania, excluding China, is advancing in component production, yet faces risks from trade disputes. African countries largely rely on raw material exports.

Policy Recommendations
Lowering trade barriers on intermediates can unlock assembly opportunities in Africa and Latin America. Regional trade agreements and inclusion of renewable energy provisions can facilitate smoother supply chains. Developed countries should align their trade policies with universal energy access goals by facilitating necessary inputs for developing nations.

Call to Action
Trade policies must evolve to support sustainable energy transitions by balancing affordability, infant industry protection, and industrial development, fostering inclusion and equity in the global green economy.