2025-06-24-世界银行-为更健康_更高效的社会提供安全清洁的车辆（英）_101页_9mb

Summary of "Safe and Clean Vehicles for Healthier and More Productive Societies"

Background

Motorized road transport growth in emerging and developing economies presents significant health and economic challenges, notably road crashes and air pollution. While offering development opportunities, these vehicles disproportionately affect low-income nations through increased fatalities, injuries, and disease from pollutants like PM 2.5 and NO₂. The global analysis in this report examines strategies to mitigate these effects.

Key Findings

1. Health Burden: Road crashes cause over 1 million deaths annually, with over 90% in LMICs. Air pollution from transport contributes to approximately $420 billion in welfare costs.

2. Income Disparities: LMICs bear a heavier health burden despite fewer vehicles. Crashes kill 8 to 25 people per million vehicle-kilometers in these regions.

3. Air Quality Impact: PM 2.5 and NO₂ pollution cause substantial premature deaths. Middle-income nations face unique challenges due to rapid motorization and moderate PM levels.

Modeling Results

• Adopting Euro 6 standards (leapfrogging) yields greater emission reductions in key pollutants than Euro 5.
• Fleet retirement (scrapping old vehicles) significantly boosts safety and emission benefits, more so than mandating standards in new vehicles alone.
• Used vehicle imports must be regulated to achieve meaningful fleet improvements.

Policy Recommendations

1. Mandate stricter Euro 6 standards for all new vehicles and used imports.
2. Implement periodic vehicle inspections and scrapping programs for aging, non-compliant vehicles.
3. Focus on road speed limits, promoting walking and cycling alongside technological fixes.

Economic Benefits

Strategic policies can yield substantial co-benefits, with vehicle retirement offering the highest return on investment across models. The wide applicability suggests that managing the vehicle lifecycle should form core transport policies in LACs and LMICs.