世界银行-为更健康_更高效的社会提供安全清洁的车辆（英）-2025_100页_7mb

Report Summary: Safe and Clean Vehicles for Healthier and More Productive Societies

Emerging and developing economies face significant health risks from vehicle growth, including road crashes and air pollution. This report analyzes the health and economic impacts of vehicle management policies.

Key Findings

• Health Burden from Vehicles: Road crashes cause ~1.19 million deaths annually, while air pollution from vehicles like PM₂.₅ and NO₂ caused ~810,000 premature deaths in 2021. Cognitive development suffers from PM₂.₅ exposure too.

• Importance of Vehicle Standards: Outdated emission standards lead to higher health risks. Leapfrogging to stricter Euro6 standards yields significantly better pollution reduction than incremental Euro5 standards.

• Optimal Policies: Mandating standards for both new and used vehicles, combined with retirement of non-compliant old vehicles, provides the highest safety and emissions benefits (~43% reduction in PM and~46% reduction in NO₂ emissions). Imports should not bypass domestic safety and emissions requirements.

• Electric Vehicle Role: Electrification helps reduce tailpipe emissions but is less effective than eliminating older polluting vehicles. Policy timing is crucial—consistent standards reaped greater benefits than ambitious but delayed targets.

• Economic Benefits: Comprehensive policies targeting vehicle imports and retirements could yield substantial economic benefits, particularly in countries with low human capital.

Recommendations

1. Adopt Euro6 standards as a minimum for road safety and air quality.
2. Mandate periodic vehicle inspections and scrapping programs for aging vehicles.
3. Evaluate trade agreements on used vehicle imports, considering health outcomes.
4. Accelerate adoption of electric vehicles while implementing complementary policies.
5. Foster stronger consumer awareness to promote demand for cleaner vehicles.