2019世_界水发_展报告（英文版）_202页_32mb

United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 Summary

Core Theme

The 2019 United Nations World Water Development Report is titled "Leaving No One Behind", emphasizing the importance of ensuring equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all, especially the most vulnerable groups. It aligns with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 6, which aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Main Objectives

• To highlight how improving water resource management and access to WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) services can reduce poverty, inequality, and promote human rights.
• To identify groups and individuals left behind in terms of access to water and sanitation.
• To explore strategies and responses for inclusive development, particularly in urban and rural contexts.
• To emphasize the human rights-based approach (HRBA) in water governance and management.

Key Findings

Global Water Access and Inequality

• Approximately 3 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water.
• About 4 billion people face severe water scarcity for at least one month a year.
• Water stress is increasing due to rising demand and climate change.
• Disparities exist between and within regions, countries, communities, and even neighborhoods.

Human Rights to Water and Sanitation

• Access to safe water and sanitation is recognized as a basic human right.
• These rights are not subject to state approval and cannot be withdrawn.
• They are different from water rights, which are often regulated by national laws and may be temporary or conditional.

Groups Left Behind

• Women and girls face discrimination and inequality in access to water and sanitation.
• Ethnic and indigenous minorities, migrants and refugees, and people with disabilities are particularly vulnerable.
• Intersectionality is a key factor, as some individuals may face multiple forms of discrimination.

Water and Sanitation Services

• Water availability is influenced by physical resources, storage, management, and allocation.
• Piped water is the most cost-effective method for delivering water, but many low-income and informal settlements rely on wells, kiosks, or water trucks.
• Water treatment often depends on reliable energy supply, which is lacking in many developing countries.
• Sanitation involves on-site or off-site facilities for wastewater collection, transport, treatment, and disposal under hygienic conditions.
• Water-related disasters like floods and droughts can severely impact infrastructure and service delivery.

Strategies for Inclusive Development

Policy and Governance

• Inclusive institutional structures are essential for multi-stakeholder dialogue and cooperation.
• Good governance is characterized by accountability, transparency, legitimacy, public participation, justice, and efficiency.
• NGOs and civil society play a significant role in promoting public participation and influencing policy.

Economic and Financial Dimensions

• Affordability and efficiency are key to making WASH services accessible.
• Subsidies and tariffs should be designed to ensure equitable access and financial sustainability.
• Investment mobilization is crucial, especially from commercial sources.

Urban and Rural Challenges

• Urban settings face unique challenges, including high population density, informal settlements, and disparities in service provision.
• Rural areas are often affected by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to resources.
• Pro-poor policies are often not effectively implemented due to lack of monitoring mechanisms and financial disparities.

Conclusion

• The 2030 Agenda and human rights-based approaches can be powerful tools in achieving inclusive and sustainable development.
• Collective will and commitment are necessary to leave no one behind.
• Collaboration among international organizations, governments, NGOs, and local communities is vital for success.

Key Contributors and Acknowledgements

• The report was coordinated by UNESCO and produced by the UN-Water Family.
• Key contributors include FAO, OHCHR, UNDP, UNESCO-IHP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNU, and the World Bank.
• Regional perspectives were provided by UNECE, UNECLAC, UNESCAP, and UNESCWA.
• The Italian Government and Regione Umbria provided significant financial and logistical support.
• UNESCO Field Offices in Almaty and New Delhi supported the translation of the Executive Summary into Russian and Hindi.
• The Spanish version was supported by ANEAS (Mexico) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

Recommendations

• Enhance water supply and sanitation accessibility.
• Address the investment gap through innovative financing and partnerships.
• Promote knowledge and capacity development to support inclusive water management.
• Strengthen governance through transparency, accountability, and public participation.
• Prioritize the most vulnerable in policy and implementation.

Summary of Key Data

• Global WASH cost-benefit ratio: 5.5 for improved sanitation and 2.0 for improved drinking water.
• Water scarcity: 4 billion people experience it at least once a year.
• Water stress: 2 billion people live in countries with high water stress.
• Open defecation: 1 out of 9 people practice it.
• Vulnerable groups: Women, minorities, people with disabilities, and those in informal settlements are most affected.

Final Note

The report calls for a transformative shift in water governance and management to ensure that everyone, regardless of their social, economic, or geographical status, can benefit from water and sanitation services. It underscores the importance of inclusive policies, effective implementation, and global cooperation in achieving the goal of leaving no one behind.