2008年-世界发展银行全球_Republic_of_Yemen_Country_Water_Resources_Assistance_Strategy_4页_1mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Republic of Yemen Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy (March 2005)

Introduction and Context

This document provides a summary of the World Bank's Republic of Yemen Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy (CWRAS), published in March 2005. It highlights the need for a strategic and integrated approach to water resources management in Yemen, driven by the country's growing population, declining water availability, and lessons learned from previous World Bank water projects.

Yemen's Water Sector: Problems, Goals, and Strategies

Yemen faces severe water challenges due to a combination of environmental, institutional, and socio-economic factors. The country has no perennial surface water and relies entirely on rainfall, groundwater, and flash flooding. With a rapidly growing population, per capita water availability has been declining.

Key Issues:

Overextraction of groundwater: Market-led irrigation accounts for 90% of total water use and is unsustainable.
Inequitable and inefficient water valuation and allocation: Private water markets exist but are informal and unregulated.
Meeting MDGs: Achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets for potable water and sanitation requires significant investment and capacity building.
Water source protection and quality: Traditional management techniques are no longer sufficient; integrated watershed management is needed.
Institutional capacity: While Yemen has developed a modern administration, governance systems remain weak.

Strategic Response to the Water Crisis

Positive Climate for Change

Several factors have created a favorable environment for reform in Yemen’s water sector:

New Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE): Established by the 2003 Water Law, consolidating most water institutions under one body.
National decentralization process: Encourages participatory and bottom-up approaches.
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): Emphasizes poverty reduction and inclusiveness.
National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Plan (NWSSIP): A comprehensive framework for reform and development.

Key Actions in the NWSSIP

The NWSSIP outlines a number of strategic initiatives:

Integrated groundwater management: Through water markets and incentive structures.
Coordination between MWE and MAI: To align policies and improve efficiency.
Decentralization of NWRA functions: To the basin level for better local governance.
Increased investment for MDGs: Especially in urban areas.
Public-private partnerships: To leverage private capital and expertise.
Equitable water distribution: Reforming the tariff system to promote fairness.
Piloting integrated packages: To test new management arrangements.
Strategies for rural water supply and sanitation: With a focus on community-based solutions and watershed management.

World Bank and Yemen's Water Sector

Bank Involvement

The World Bank has shifted its focus from basic infrastructure to integrated, demand-driven water management. Some key projects include:

Urban water reform: Sana'a Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Demand-driven approaches: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Basin planning: Support to the National Water Resources Authority (NWRA)
Water use efficiency: Groundwater and Soil Conservation Project
Macro-level support: Through Country Assistance Strategy processes in 1999 and 2002

Impact on Poverty Reduction

Efficient and equitable water management is crucial for poverty reduction. The Bank has focused more on urban areas but can enhance its impact by:

Prioritizing rural water supply and sanitation
Supporting pro-poor tariff structures
Preventing elite capture in irrigation systems
Promoting water user associations
Investing in watershed management

Changing Attitudes to Water: Political Economy of Reform

Stakeholders in Yemen’s water sector have diverse interests and stances that need to be addressed for effective reform:

Government: Needs to shift from subsidized investment to cost recovery and sustainability.
Large farmers: Must recognize the unsustainability of current groundwater use.
Small farmers: Desire increased water rights and better incentives.
Domestic users: Are willing to accept higher tariffs for improved service.
Private sector: Can contribute through investment and management skills.
Donors: Should support integrated water resources management and capacity building.
NGOs: Need to be more involved and support grassroots mobilization.

Proposed Bank Program

The proposed World Bank program in Yemen is structured into near-term (2006–2008) and longer-term (2008–2015) components, aligned with the next Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) period.

Near-term (2006–2008)

Agree on a strategic partnership with the government
Support programmatic economic and sector work (PESW)
Deliver CWRAS and NWSSIP
Improve sector governance through capacity building
Adjust incentive structures to influence private investment
Improve resource allocation via public expenditure review
Continue Sana’a Basin Project and support NWRA decentralization
Implement Groundwater and Soil Conservation Project
Support pilot water markets

Longer-term (2008–2015)

Continue sector governance improvements
Adjust incentive structures through adjustment lending
Finance watershed management projects
Support community-based groundwater management
Develop equitable water transfer models between rural and urban areas
Finance second phase of spate irrigation projects
Expand financing for rural water supply and sanitation through APC with a pro-poor focus

Conclusion

The CWRAS emphasizes the need for a long-term, strategic, and sectorwide approach to water management in Yemen. It calls for institutional reforms, improved governance, sustainable groundwater use, and integrated water resource management. The World Bank is positioned to play a critical role in this process by supporting both near-term and long-term initiatives, with a focus on pro-poor outcomes and systemic change.

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