2006年-世界发展银行全球_United_Republic_of_Tanzania___Water_Resources_Assistance_Strategy_115页_1mb

Tanzania Water Resources Assistance Strategy (TWRAS) Summary

Core Content

The Tanzania Water Resources Assistance Strategy (TWRAS) is a document prepared by the World Bank to support the implementation of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). It outlines the challenges and opportunities in managing Tanzania's water resources to ensure water security, which is crucial for sustaining livelihoods and economic growth.

Tanzania is well-endowed with freshwater resources, being a riparian state to the three largest freshwater lakes in Africa and having numerous rivers, wetlands, and groundwater sources. Despite this abundance, water insecurity persists due to climate variability, inadequate infrastructure, weak institutions, and uncoordinated management. The country has experienced serious economic and social impacts from droughts and floods, highlighting the need for a more robust and integrated approach to water resources management.

Main Points

1. Water Security and Its Importance

• Water security is fundamental to human health, social well-being, and economic performance.
• It directly impacts food security, energy security, environmental security, and industrial development.
• The NSGRP aims to reduce poverty and promote growth, but its success depends on effective water governance.

2. Structural Weaknesses

• Despite high economic growth, Tanzania faces serious structural weaknesses in water resources management.
• Over abstraction of Lake Victoria by Uganda for hydropower generation is threatening navigation, commerce, and fisheries.
• Droughts and floods have exposed weak planning, coordination, and enforcement in water resource management.
• Pollution from municipal sewage, industries, mining, and agriculture is negatively affecting human health and ecosystems.

3. Institutional and Legal Challenges

• Water resources institutions are poorly resourced and poorly functioning.
• Implementation of laws such as the 1981 Water Law is weak.
• Water allocation procedures are inefficient and lack transparency.
• River basin water offices are underpowered and ineffective in their regulatory roles.

4. Sectoral Impacts

• Agriculture and irrigation are heavily dependent on water availability.
• Hydropower is vulnerable to water shortages due to inadequate infrastructure and poor management.
• Urban and rural water supply systems are inadequate, leading to shortages and poor service delivery.
• Environmental management is underdeveloped, with insufficient attention to pollution control and watershed protection.

5. Governance and Policy

• The concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) is not fully understood or supported.
• Good governance and accountability are critical for effective water management.
• The GoT has made progress in infrastructure development, but institutional reforms have lagged behind.

Key Information

Water Resources Overview

• Tanzania has about 2,300 m³ of renewable freshwater per capita per year, which is over 400% of Kenya's availability.
• It is home to Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa, which provide significant natural storage capacity.
• Water insecurity is characterized by:
  • Frequent droughts and floods
  • Polluted water resources
  • Inadequate infrastructure
  • Uncoordinated management
  • Water use conflicts
  • Poor governance

TWRAS Objectives

• To improve water security for sustaining livelihoods and growth.
• To strengthen institutional and legal frameworks for water management.
• To promote cross-sectoral coordination and integrated water resources management.
• To support infrastructure development for water supply, sanitation, and irrigation.
• To enhance the capacity of institutions to manage water resources effectively.

TWRAS Recommendations

• Water resources management and development should be made a national priority.
• Water reforms need to be broadened to include agriculture, energy, environment, and mining.
• Strong political backing is required at the Cabinet level to accelerate reforms.
• Institutions at all levels (national, ministerial, and basin) must be properly mandated, empowered, and resourced.
• Water utilities and river basin offices need to be reformed to ensure accountability and effective service delivery.
• Investments in watershed protection, pollution control, and infrastructure are essential to ensure long-term water security.

Conclusion

The TWRAS underscores the urgent need for institutional and legal reforms, better infrastructure, and integrated water management to address water insecurity in Tanzania. Without these measures, the goals of the NSGRP may not be achieved, and economic and social development will be hampered. The World Bank aims to support the Government of Tanzania in this endeavor through targeted assistance and cross-sectoral integration.

Key Stakeholders and Partners

• World Bank
• Government of Tanzania (GoT)
• Bank Netherlands Water Partnership Program (BNWPP)
• African Development Bank (AfDB)
• Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
• Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
• Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
• German Development Bank (KFW)

References and Annexes

• Annex A: Water and Economic Growth
• Annex B: Water Resources of Tanzania
• Annex C: Transboundary Waters
• Annex D: Review of Water Supply and Sanitation Services
• Annex E: Capacity Building for Environmental Flow Assessments

Summary of Achievements and Challenges

Key Achievements

• Strong policy platform for water resources management.
• Institutional reorganization and supporting legislation.
• Cooperative transboundary water management.
• Demonstration of decentralized urban and rural water supply and sanitation.

Remaining Challenges

• Inadequate and unreliable infrastructure.
• Weak institutions and poor implementation.
• Uncoordinated management and lack of stakeholder engagement.
• Limited technical and administrative capacity.
• Polluted water resources and inadequate pollution control.
• Weak water allocation procedures.
• Growing water use conflicts and degradation of water resources.

Lessons Learned

• Integrated water resources management is essential but not fully adopted.
• Institutional reforms need to be accelerated and properly supported.
• Accountability and capacity building are critical for effective governance.
• Investments in watershed protection, pollution control, and infrastructure are necessary for long-term water security.