衡量、建模和评估生态系统服务的工具：生物多样性关键区、世界自然遗产地和自然保护地指南（英文版）_82页_12mb

Summary of "Tools for measuring, modelling, and valuing ecosystem services"

Core Content

This document provides guidance on selecting appropriate tools for measuring, modelling, and valuing ecosystem services (ES) in Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), natural World Heritage sites (WHS), and protected areas (PAs). It is part of the IUCN WCPA's Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series and is supported by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) and the Science for Nature and People Partnership (SNAPP).

Main Purpose

The main purpose of the document is to assist practitioners in identifying and using the most suitable tools for ES assessment, based on the specific objectives, required outputs, and practical constraints. It outlines the importance of ES assessment in supporting conservation efforts, policy decisions, and resource allocation.

Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Natural World Heritage Sites (WHS), and Protected Areas (PAs)

• KBAs are sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity.
• WHS are natural features or areas of outstanding universal value (OUV), requiring special protection.
• PAs are clearly defined geographical spaces managed to achieve the long-term conservation of nature, including ecosystem services and cultural values.

IUCN Protected Area Categories

IUCN defines six management categories for PAs, based on the primary management objective(s) that apply to at least 75% of the area:

1. Strict nature reserve: Minimal human impact, focusing on biodiversity and geological features.
2. Wilderness area: Large, minimally modified areas with natural character and no permanent human habitation.
3. National park: Large natural areas protecting ecological processes and offering recreational and educational opportunities.
4. Natural monument or feature: Areas protecting specific natural features, such as landforms or ancient groves.
5. Protected landscape or seascape: Areas where people and nature interact, maintaining ecological, cultural, and scenic values.
6. Protected areas with sustainable use: Areas that conserve ecosystems while allowing low-level non-industrial use of natural resources.

Governance Types

IUCN defines four governance types:

• Type A: Government-led.
• Type B: Shared governance (trans-boundary, collaborative, or joint).
• Type C: Private governance (by landowners, NGOs, or corporations).
• Type D: Indigenous peoples and local communities-led.

Ecosystem Services Tools

The document reviews nine ES assessment tools, categorised into written step-by-step tools and computer-based modelling tools:

Written Step-by-Step Tools

• EST (Ecosystem Services Toolkit): A guidance document with practical worksheets for both qualitative and quantitative ES assessment.
• TESSA (Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment): A manual offering accessible guidance and low-cost methods for evaluating benefits from nature.
• PA-BAT (Protected Areas Benefits Assessment Tool): A rapid, workshop-driven tool for assessing stakeholder perceptions of ES benefits.

Computer-Based Modelling Tools

• ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services): A platform that integrates ecological and economic models for spatial and scenario-based ES analysis.
• InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs): A suite of software models for mapping and quantifying ES under different scenarios.
• MIMES (Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services): A multiscale model for understanding and visualising ES values.
• Co$ting Nature (C$N): A web-based tool for spatially analysing ES with pre-defined scenarios and input datasets.
• WaterWorld (WW): A web-based tool for analysing water-related ES.
• SolVES (Social Values for Ecosystem Services): An ArcGIS-dependent tool for mapping social values of cultural ES.

Main Views and Key Information

• ES Assessment Importance: ES assessment can support conservation, management, funding, and equitable resource use.
• Tool Selection Factors: Purpose, required outputs (qualitative/quantitative, spatial/non-spatial, monetary/non-monetary), and practical considerations (time, budget, data availability) are critical in selecting the right tool.
• Decision Trees and Comparisons: The document includes decision trees and comparisons to guide practitioners in choosing the most suitable tool based on their objectives and constraints.
• Tool Types: The nine tools are divided into written and computer-based categories, with the latter being more complex and requiring technical expertise.
• Case Studies: Each tool is described with case studies showing how they have been applied in KBAs, WHS, and PAs.

Conclusion

The document serves as a comprehensive resource for practitioners to understand and apply various tools for ES assessment, particularly in the context of biodiversity and nature conservation. It highlights the importance of aligning tool selection with the specific goals and constraints of the assessment, and provides practical guidance for effective ES measurement and valuation.